https://openendedsocialstudies.org/2020/03/20/twenty-days-of-home-school-social-studies-curriculum-for-middle-or-high-school/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/img_0907.jpgIMG_09072022-05-01T20:20:37+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/browse-by-concept/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/by-concept.jpgby concept2022-04-30T17:24:42+00:00weekly0.6https://openendedsocialstudies.org/2015/09/07/china-ancient-history-modern-nation/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/china1.jpgchinahttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/img_2950.jpgIMG_29502022-04-30T17:23:10+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/06/22/the-aztec-life-under-the-fifth-sun-in-old-mexico/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/huitzilopochtli.pnghuitzilopochtliHuitzilopochtli, god of war, sun, human sacrifice, patron of the city of Tenochtitlan, and national god of the Mexica (Aztec).https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/stone-of-the-five-eras.jpgStone of the Five ErasThe Sun Stone, or Stone of the Five Eras, is perhaps the most famous work of Aztec sculpture. The stone is 11.75 ft in diameter and 3.22 ft thick, and it weighs about 24 tons. In the center of the monolith is the face of the solar deity, Tonatiuh, which appears inside the glyph for "movement," the name of the current era. The central figure is shown holding a human heart in each of his clawed hands, and his tongue is represented by a stone sacrificial knife (Tecpatl). The four squares that surround the central deity represent the four previous suns or eras, which preceded the present era - the Fifth Sun.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/templomayor.jpgTemplo MayorAn artist's interpretation of the Templo Mayor - Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan - and the surrounding ritual district at its most impressive in the 1510s. https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/cortc3a9s_-1524-map-of-tenochtitlan.jpgCortés_ 1524 Map of TenochtitlanHernan Cortés’ 1524 Map of Tenochtitlan. This map, published with Cortés’s letters, provided Europeans with the first image of the Aztec capital city, Tenochtitlan.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/aztec.jpgaztechttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/aztecemporers.jpgaztecemporersNotice the short time between the first emperor and the last - the empire achieved its meteoric rise in barely 150 years, at which time the Spanish arrived.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/debe03cc301696fb38addf1b5c67aa6b.jpgdebe03cc301696fb38addf1b5c67aa6bhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/img_7884-pano.jpgThe ruins of Teotihuacan in 2016. (click to enlarge)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/img_7831.jpgIMG_7831https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/729_01_2.jpg729_01_2Mexica shield adorned with feathers.2022-03-28T12:28:04+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2021/04/06/feature-or-flaw-the-characteristics-of-the-league-of-nations/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/episode_after_battle_of_zonnebeke_1918_hurley.jpgEpisode_after_Battle_of_Zonnebeke_1918_Hurley2021-04-08T11:31:11+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2020/11/16/a-guided-tour-of-china/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/dscf4017.jpgdscf4017https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/dscf4020.jpgdscf4020https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/dscf3246.jpgdscf3246https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/dscf4006.jpgdscf4006https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/dscf3422.jpgdscf3422https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/dscf3865.jpgdscf3865https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/dscf3062.jpgdscf3062https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/dscf3928.jpgdscf3928https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/dscf3142.jpgdscf3142https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/dscf3177.jpgdscf31772020-11-18T14:23:09+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2019/08/18/ancient-world-history-a-free-open-textbook-in-progress/2020-08-27T14:39:32+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/03/22/bartolome-de-las-casas-and-the-atrocities-of-the-spanish-conquistadors/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/sugarslaves1.jpgsugarslavesIndigenous people harvesting sugar cane on a Cuban encomienda in Las Casas's time.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/img_4453.jpgIMG_4453Raw sugar cane delivery. (Havana, Cuba, 2017.)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/img_0892.jpgIMG_0892Rum is one of the most lucrative uses for sugar cane and remains one of Cuba's most important products in the twenty-first century. (Havana, Cuba, 2017.)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/img_4449.jpgIMG_4449Cubans operating a press to extract the sugary juice from the cane. (Havana, Cuba, 2017.)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/img_4705.jpgIMG_4705Tobacco leaves are delicate and labor intensive, then as now constituting a significant part of Cuba's exports. Here, harvested leaves hang on a wooden rack before being moved to a well-ventilated shed for the painstaking process of curing and cigar-making. (Vinales Valley, Cuba, 2017.)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/img_4700.jpgIMG_4700Sugar cane in the field. (Vinales Valley, Cuba, 2017.)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/img_4716.jpgIMG_4716A campesino cultivating tobacco. His tools and methods are much the same as those that an enslaved laborer might have used in the time of Las Casas, though, it must be noted, without the coercive violence of an overseer. (Vinales Valley, Cuba, 2017.)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/sugarslaves.jpgsugarslavesIndigenous people harvesting sugar cane on a Cuban encomienda in Las Casas's time.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/featured-la-casas.jpgfeatured la casashttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/atrocities.jpgAtrocities of the Spanish Conquistadors in the West Indies c. 1513.2020-08-04T17:58:53+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/07/09/teotihuacan-the-place-where-gods-were-born/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/e6dc9ed2a47c68c03d57deac8e3ee0bd.jpge6dc9ed2a47c68c03d57deac8e3ee0bdhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/host-figurine-2.gifhost-figurine-2Host figures such as this one are found in burial sites throughout Teotihuacan, especially in those belonging to the upper class. https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/host-figurine-3.gifhost-figurine-3The lid can be removed to reveal figure hidden inside. While they seem highly symbolic, the exact beliefs behind them are unknown to modern scholars.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/980ca-teo-ateteloairview.jpg980ca-teo-ateteloairviewhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/teotihuacan_priest.jpgTeotihucano PriestLook carefully and you will see what seems to be a word balloon - like in a modern comic strip - coming from the mouth of the priest depicted in this mural from Teotihuacan. The glyphs, or symbols, inside represent a writing system that experts don't fully understand - but that seems to refer to proper names of gods, people, and places.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/teotihuacan-map.jpgTeotihuacan Maphttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/teotihuacan2.jpgteotihuacanhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/map.gifmaphttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/mapwithscales.jpgmapwithscaleshttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/teotihuacan-at-its-height.jpgteotihuacan at its heightAt artist's rendition depicts the rulers of Teotihuacan making a sacrificial offering at the Temple of the Feathered Serpent. Seen in the background is the Temple of the Sun. Both structures would likely have been covered in red plaster during the city's heyday. 2020-08-04T10:18:38+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2019/08/07/the-medina-sustainable-city-of-the-ancient-world/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_5896.jpgIMG_5896In most medinas, there are at least a few public squares filled with restaurants, shops, kids playing soccer, as well as musicians and other entertainers, such as snake charmers. Much of life outside of work and school takes place in open, public spaces like this square in Marrakesh, Morocco is by far one of the largest and busiest.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_5897.jpgIMG_5897https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_5520.jpgIMG_5520Traditional doors in the medinas of Morocco feature a smaller door nestled within a larger one, each with a seperate knocker which resonates with a distinct tone. The smaller door is for close family, as well as for ventilation while cooking - it allows for a modest amount of privacy within. The larger door is opened to welcome company or celebrate special occasion, symbolically opening the home to the wider community. https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_5707-pano.jpgIMG_5707-PANOhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_5713.jpgIMG_5713Medinas are traditionally walled, guarding against attack from raiders or rival nations.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_5509.jpgIMG_5509The public street continues into this tunnel.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_5517.jpgIMG_5517https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_5491.jpgIMG_5491Air conditioning is rare in traditional medinas. Thick brick or mud walls and windows open at the right time of day help to keep indoor spaces cool.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_5497.jpgIMG_5497https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_5488.jpgIMG_5488Living in the medina can mean cramped corners, however. Each of these doors leads to a different home.2020-07-31T15:03:55+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/08/13/the-three-sisters/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/three-sisters2.jpgthree sistershttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/481ed-threesistersgraphic.png481ed-threesistersgraphichttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/three-sisters1.jpgthree sisters2020-07-31T11:28:29+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/08/06/potosi-and-the-globalization-of-an-empire/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/potosc3ad_banner1.jpgPotosí_Bannerhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/the-chemical-elements-of-a-smartphone-v2.pngthe-chemical-elements-of-a-smartphone-v2https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/potosi_dc3a9cembre_2007_-_panorama_4.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/www-ai-journal.jpgCerro Rico with the Casa de Moneda in the foreground.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/nao-de-china.jpgnao-de-chinaNao de China.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/1057172_orig.gifhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/111669-resize-710x399.jpgLlamas can carry only about 25 kilograms of weight comfortably, so massive convoys were needed to carry the silver bullion to the Pacific coast.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/img_2213.jpgMiners resting in the sun, Potosi, 2016.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/casa_de_moneda1772.jpgCasa de Moneda, Potosi - where the Spanish processed the silver drawn from the mountain, was at least as dangerous and unhealthy a place to work as the mines themselves.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/tumblr_nxywucsh8r1qje6zzo1_500.jpgPure silver bars alongside Spanish silver coins minted at Potosi for over two hundred years.2020-07-31T11:18:58+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/07/30/the-inca-the-highest-achievements-of-andean-civilization/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/img_9603.jpgIMG_9603The Qhapaq Ñan crossed high Andes mountain passes under extreme conditions. (Lares Valley, Peru, 2016.)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/road.jpgroadSome portions of the Qhapaq Ñan were meticulously paved with stones. (Machu Picchu, Peru, 2016.)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/img_9567.jpgIMG_9567Other, less used trunks, could be simple dirt tracks. (Lares Valley, Peru, 2016.)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/img_9576.jpgIMG_9576Portions of the Qhapaq Ñan have fallen into disuse, even if they can still be recognized in the countryside, as in this shot of the author. (Lares Valley, Peru, 2016.)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/img_6673.jpgIMG_6673https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/img_9511.jpgIMG_9511This portion of the ancient road is under archaeological excavation. (Lares Valley, Peru, 2016.)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/img_0454.jpgMorayInca farmers could climb between different levels of the terrace using built in stone steps. (Moray, Peru, 2016.)2020-07-31T11:14:59+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2019/08/07/chefchaouen-the-blue-city-and-the-moroccan-quest-for-independence/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_3846-1.jpgIMG_3846https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_3887.jpgIMG_3887https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_3906.jpgIMG_3906https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_3843.jpgIMG_3843https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_3846.jpgIMG_3846https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_3728.jpgIMG_3728https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_3784.jpgIMG_3784https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_3819.jpgIMG_3819https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_3878.jpgIMG_3878The sun rises between the towering peaks that lend Chefchaouen its name.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_3962.jpgIMG_3962The ancient walls of Chefchaouen predate the city's love affair with the color blue. They served admirably to keep the kasbah free and independent from foreign power for centuries, while providing a safe haven for Jewish and Muslim refugees fleeing violence and persecution in Christian Spain.2020-07-31T03:17:26+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2019/04/19/californios-verdes-and-your-public-purpose-project/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/img_5361.jpgIMG_53612020-07-31T02:28:44+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2019/08/27/join-the-neolithic-revolution-advertisement/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/foto-gleilson-miranda-11935069-cropped-copy_screen.jpgfoto-gleilson-miranda-11935069-cropped-copy_screenhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/wheatfield.jpgWheatfieldhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/neolithicrevolution.jpgNeolithicRevolution2020-07-16T16:52:00+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/10/10/a-eulogy-for-andrew-jackson/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/images.jpgimageshttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/ronald-mcdonald-dollar-bill-currency-cash-art.jpgronald-mcdonald-dollar-bill-currency-cash-arthttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/smithsonian2.pngsmithsonian22020-07-16T14:45:53+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/10/07/gettysburg-to-appomattox-and-beyond-a-new-birth-of-freedom/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/800px-lincolns_funeral_on_pennsylvania_ave._loc_3252915551.jpg800px-Lincolns_funeral_on_Pennsylvania_Ave._(LOC)_(3252915551)Military units marching down Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington D.C. during the state funeral for Abraham Lincoln on April 19, 1865. After the April 14, 1865 assassination of Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States, a three-week series of events mourned his death and memorialized his life. Funeral services and lyings in state were held in Washington, D.C., and then in additional cities as a funeral train transported his remains for burial in his hometown of Springfield, Illinois.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/assassination2.jpgassassination2https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/civilwar.gifcivilwarhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/freedmenvotinginneworleans1867.jpegFreedmenVotingInNewOrleans1867Freedmen voting in New Orleans, 1867.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/800px-freedmans_bureau.jpg800px-Freedman's_bureauAn 1866 poster attacking the Freedmen's Bureau for giving recently freed slaves what some whites considered to be unfair advantages. The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, usually referred to as simply the Freedmen's Bureau aided these freed slaves, providing them with food, clothing, shelter, and fuel on a temporary basis as they were liberated. The Bureau's powers were expanded to help African Americans find family members from whom they had become separated during the war. It arranged to teach them to read and write, considered critical by the freedmen themselves as well as the government. The Bureau also encouraged former major planters to rebuild their plantations and urged freed blacks to return to work for them.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/1428430799.png1428430799The Ku Klux Klan was founded in 1866 by six former officers of the Confederate army as a secret vigilante group, the Klan targeted freedmen and their allies; it sought to restore white supremacy by threats and violence, including murder, against black and white Republicans.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/800px-lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900.png800px-Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900John Wilkes Booth leaning forward to shoot President Abraham Lincoln as he watches Our American Cousin at Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C. on April 14,1865. Moments later Booth would leap from the balcony onto the stage, yelling to the audience, "Sic semper tyrannis!" ("Thus always to tyrants") https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/udc-marker-fort-sanders-tn1.jpgUDC-marker-fort-sanders-tn1The United Daughters of the Confederacy helped promulgate the Lost Cause's ideology - that the Civil War as an honorable struggle for the Southern way of life while minimizing or denying the central role of slavery - through the construction of numerous memorials, such as this one in Tennessee.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/surrender-of-lee.jpgSurrender-of-LeeWilmer McLean was an American wholesale grocer from Virginia. His house near Manassas, Virginia, was involved in the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861. After the battle he moved to Appomattox, Virginia, to escape the war thinking that it would be safe. Instead, in 1865, General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in McLean's house in Appomattox. His houses were, therefore, involved in one of the first and one of the last encounters of the American Civil War.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/sherman_railroad_destroy_noborder.jpgSherman_railroad_destroy_noborderSherman's men destroying a railroad in Atlanta.2020-06-19T16:19:52+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/10/06/to-break-our-bonds-of-affection-the-coming-of-civil-war/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/800px-confederate_dead_gathered_for_burial_at_antietam.jpg800px-Confederate_dead_gathered_for_burial_at_Antietamhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/lincoln_and_mcclellan_1862-10-03.jpgLincoln_and_McClellan_1862-10-03Lincoln with McClellan after the Battle of Antietam. McClellan repeatedly failed to engage in decisive conflicts with the Confederate Army out of a mistaken fear that he was outnumbered by the enemy.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/battle_of_antietam.pngBattle_of_Antietamhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/1024px-dutchgapb.jpg1024px-DutchGapbThe United States Colored Troops (USCT) were regiments in the United States Army composed primarily of African-American (colored) soldiers, although members of other minority groups also served with the units. They were first recruited during the American Civil War, and by the end of that war in April 1865, the 175 USCT regiments constituted about one-tenth of the manpower of the Union Army. About 20% of USCS soldiers died, a rate about 35% higher than that for white Union troops. Despite heavy casualties, many fought with distinction.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/1024px-emancipation_proclamation.png1024px-Emancipation_ProclamationAreas covered by the Emancipation Proclamation are in red. Slave holding areas not covered are in blue.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/antietam.jpgantietamThe Battle of Antietam still holds a record as the single bloodiest day in United States history, with a combined tally of 22,717 dead, wounded, or missing.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/800px-lincoln_and_generals_at_antietam.jpg800px-Lincoln_and_generals_at_AntietamLincoln with McClellan after the Battle of Antietam. McClellan repeatedly failed to engage in decisive conflicts with the Confederate Army out of a mistaken fear that he was outnumbered by the enemy, https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/800px-scott-anaconda.jpg800px-Scott-anacondaProposed by Union general-in-chief Winfield Scott, the Anaconda Plan emphasized a Union blockade of the Southern ports, and called for an advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two. Because the blockade would be rather passive, it was widely derided by a vociferous faction of Union generals who wanted a more vigorous prosecution of the war, and who likened it to the coils of an anaconda suffocating its victim. The snake image caught on, giving the proposal its popular name.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/800px-first_battle_of_bull_run_kurz__allison.jpg800px-First_Battle_of_Bull_Run_Kurz_&_AllisonThe First Battle of Bull Run (the Union named battles after nearby bodies of water), also known as the First Battle of Manassas (the Confederacy named battles after nearby towns), was fought on July 21, 1861 in Prince William County, Virginia, about 25 miles west-southwest of Washington, D.C. It was the first major battle of the American Civil War. The Union's forces were slow in positioning themselves, allowing Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail. Each side had about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops in their first battle. It was a Confederate victory, followed by a disorganized retreat of the Union forces.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/bombardment_of_fort_sumter3b52027r.jpgBombardment_of_Fort_Sumter(3b52027r)Bombardment of Fort Sumter, Charleston, South Carolina.2020-06-19T16:19:20+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2020/06/05/a-history-of-criminalized-blackness-in-the-united-states-free-lessons-for-middle-or-high-school-classrooms/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/022.jpg022https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/039.jpg039https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/94271.jpg942712020-06-06T12:16:28+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/09/11/the-united-states-an-open-ended-history/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/a1.jpgAhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/a.jpgA2020-06-05T12:52:29+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2019/05/01/were-the-freedmen-really-free-a-document-analysis/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/greene_co_ga1941_delano.jpgGreene_Co_Ga1941_DelanoA sharecropper family chopping the weeds from cotton near White Plains, in Georgia, US (1941). The systems of sharecropping and legal segregation put into place at the end of the Civil War persisted well into the 1960s.2020-06-03T02:46:55+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2019/04/19/where-do-you-fit-into-earths-ecosystems-even-the-ones-youve-never-seen-with-your-own-two-eyes/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/img_5551.jpgIMG_55512020-03-20T06:54:34+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/09/18/a-new-nation-in-crisis-shays-rebellion-and-the-u-s-under-the-articles/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/weakness-of-the-articles.pngweakness of the articlesThe Articles of Confederation were meant to create a weak national government. However, as time went on, these weaknesses came to threaten the very existence of the United States.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/unidentified_artist_-_daniel_shays_and_job_shattuck_-_google_art_project.jpgUnidentified_Artist_-_Daniel_Shays_and_Job_Shattuck_-_Google_Art_Projecthttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/articles_page1.jpgPortraitPortraithttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/articles.jpgarticleshttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/northwest-territory-usa-1787.pngNorthwest-territory-usa-1787Northwest Territory created by the Northwest Ordinance (1787).https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/800px-daniel_shays_and_job_shattuck.jpg800px-Daniel_Shays_and_Job_ShattuckContemporary engraving depicting Daniel Shays (left) and Job Shattuck, another rebel leader; the artist intentionally rendered them in an unflattering way.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/protesters-watching-a-debtor-in-a-scuffle-with-a-tax-collector-by-the-courthouse-at-springfield-massachusetts.jpgProtesters watching a debtor in a scuffle with a tax collector by the courthouse at Springfield, Massachusetts.Protesters watching a debtor in a scuffle with a tax collector by the courthouse at Springfield, Massachusetts.2020-02-19T13:09:59+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/05/12/may-12-2018-what-you-leave-behind/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/a2dc8446-82e9-4659-ab35-de37c97cffb9.jpegA2DC8446-82E9-4659-AB35-DE37C97CFFB9https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/2aad1df3-f4ed-4c58-92e6-d7b36981ebdc.jpeg2AAD1DF3-F4ED-4C58-92E6-D7B36981EBDChttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/72445f5d-3507-47a5-8067-530a2fa9c8c5.jpeg72445F5D-3507-47A5-8067-530A2FA9C8C5https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/6c430c6e-f930-4f6b-9bc6-6d4987b6ef40.jpeg6C430C6E-F930-4F6B-9BC6-6D4987B6EF40https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/dc79ef09-ccf0-4720-87ac-95184543f4c3.jpegDC79EF09-CCF0-4720-87AC-95184543F4C3https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/d5c919f5-c398-479b-8015-0d0baa6d94c0.jpegD5C919F5-C398-479B-8015-0D0BAA6D94C0https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/6aba5d82-2c4c-4879-83da-65b3b74ff2c7.jpeg6ABA5D82-2C4C-4879-83DA-65B3B74FF2C7https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/fe44c0a7-e96c-4771-9534-10cb324b6491.jpegFE44C0A7-E96C-4771-9534-10CB324B6491https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/4764a071-2309-46cb-93d2-ab2912524be4.jpeg4764A071-2309-46CB-93D2-AB2912524BE4https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/1c495602-bcff-4657-a9bd-669bc3de1323.jpeg1C495602-BCFF-4657-A9BD-669BC3DE13232020-02-03T16:26:40+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/06/25/the-great-wall-and-borders-beyond-our-control/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/cfeecef8d1d285a30c2dd6b20777cd1f.jpgcfeecef8d1d285a30c2dd6b20777cd1fhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/cdc84a591aca9c05efb27008a9510b71.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/cc098193bacb57a2c6eb9f1c9331f575.jpgThe Great Wall of China, near Beijing.The Great Wall of China, near Beijing.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ab64ed79ec0183991bddaf78b114834f.pnghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ab8d8cc2d21d1d586526aeba21c503cd.jpgab8d8cc2d21d1d586526aeba21c503cdhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/8606a4ec4c1fb3a1bf130b73d2e90e1b.jpg8606a4ec4c1fb3a1bf130b73d2e90e1bhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/599c3478a709f0f4ed3f644ca447b6fd.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/9d71fcbad858e8b789f7ac0441d85d8b.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/7a7338698540e0105900b122a0f4de26.jpgChinese Equivalents to American Web Sites. Most of these familiar American sites and apps are blocked by the Great Firewall.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/5e28be74e0c7d8b5ca45ae23b32babc4.jpg2019-11-18T13:06:08+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/02/27/conquest-or-westward-expansion-native-americans-and-the-stories-we-tell/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/nativelandloss.gifNativeLandLosshttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/photo_2.jpgphoto_2https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/native_american_map.jpgnative_american_maphttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/westward-expansion.jpgwestward-expansionWhy is this map more common - more conventionally seen - than the other?https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/native-american-nations.jpgnative-american-nationshttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/bison-skulls-pile-to-be-used-for-fertilizer-1870.jpgbison-skulls-pile-to-be-used-for-fertilizer-1870The US Army sanctioned and actively endorsed the wholesale slaughter of bison herds. The federal government promoted bison hunting for various reasons, to allow ranchers to range their cattle without competition from other bovines, and primarily to weaken the North American Indian population by removing their main food source and to pressure them onto the reservations during times of conflict. Without the bison, native people of the plains were often forced to leave the land or starve to death. One of the biggest advocates of this strategy was General William Tecumseh Sherman. On June 26, 1869, the Army Navy Journal reported: "General Sherman remarked, in conversation the other day, that the quickest way to compel the Indians to settle down to civilized life was to send ten regiments of soldiers to the plains, with orders to shoot buffaloes until they became too scarce to support the redskins." According to Professor David Smits: "Frustrated bluecoats, unable to deliver a punishing blow to the so-called "Hostiles,"unless they were immobilized in their winter camps, could, however, strike at a more accessible target, namely, the buffalo. That tactic also made curious sense, for in soldiers' minds the buffalo and the Plains Indian were virtually inseparable."https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/wounded-knee-1890.jpgwounded-knee-1890Dead Sioux in the aftermath of Wounded Knee, 1890. Nearly a century earlier, in a private letter, then-President Thomas Jefferson explained his views on Native American claims to their lands: "To promote this disposition to exchange [Native] lands, which they have to spare and we want, for necessaries, which we have to spare and they want, we shall push our trading uses, and be glad to see the good and influential individuals among them run in debt, because we observe that when these debts get beyond what the individuals can pay, they become willing to lop them off by a cession of lands.... In this way our settlements will gradually circumscribe and approach the Indians, and they will in time either incorporate with us as citizens of the United States, or remove beyond the Mississippi. The former is certainly the termination of their history most happy for themselves; but, in the whole course of this, it is essential to cultivate their love. As to their fear, we presume that our strength and their weakness is now so visible that they must see we have only to shut our hand to crush them, and that all our liberalities to them proceed from motives of pure humanity only. Should any tribe be foolhardy enough to take up the hatchet at any time, the seizing the whole country of that tribe, and driving them across the Mississippi, as the only condition of peace, would be an example to others, and a furtherance of our final consolidation."https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/tecumseh.jpgtecumsehIn words so poetic one such as Jefferson would likely have been proud to have written them, the Shawnee Tecumseh attempted to unify all native peoples left east of the Mississippi River, saying, "Brothers — My people wish for peace; the red men all wish for peace; but where the white people are, there is no peace for them, except it be on the bosom of our mother. Where today are the Pequot? Where are the Narragansett, the Mohican, the Pokanoket, and many other once powerful tribes of our people? They have vanished before the avarice and the oppression of the White Man, as snow before a summer sun. Will we let ourselves be destroyed in our turn without a struggle, give up our homes, our country bequeathed to us by the Great Spirit, the graves of our dead and everything that is dear to us? I know you will cry with me, Never! NEVER!."https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/chief_black_hawk.jpgchief_black_hawkWhen Sauk leader Black Hawk led his people back from a winter stay in Iowa to their homeland in Illinois in 1832 to plant corn, the squatter settlers there claimed they were being invaded, bringing in both Illinois militia and federal troops. The “Black Hawk War” that is narrated in history texts was no more than a slaughter of Sauk farmers. The Sauks tried to defend themselves but were starving when Black Hawk surrendered under a white flag. Still the soldiers fired, resulting in a bloodbath. (Text from An Indigenous People's History of the United States)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/american_progress.jpgamerican_progressAmerican Progress, an 1872 painting by John Gast, is an allegorical representation of the modernization of the new west. Here Columbia, a personification of the United States, leads civilization westward with American settlers. She then brings light from the East into the darkness of the West, stringing telegraph wire as she sweeps west; she holds a school textbook that will instill knowledge. Notice in particular, the Native Americans scattering, fleeing with the other wild animals at her approach.2019-11-06T16:34:09+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/07/05/july-4-2016-love-and-altitude/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_20160704_174816.jpgIMG_20160704_174816https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_6573.jpgIMG_6573https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_6574.jpgIMG_6574https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_6575.jpgIMG_6575https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_6577.jpgIMG_6577https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_6578.jpgIMG_6578https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_6582.jpgIMG_6582https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_6584.jpgIMG_65842019-11-03T21:40:42+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/11/28/ancient-maya-society/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/img_7776.jpgIMG_77762019-11-01T16:19:57+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/05/19/the-material-culture-of-the-soviet-union/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/youtubetitle-card-3.jpgYouTubeTitle Card 32019-10-30T12:37:24+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2019/09/11/build-a-great-ziggurat/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/46769923_a35c9ac3b5_b.jpg46769923_a35c9ac3b5_bhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/17095634686_81e06d093a_b.jpgZiggurat of UrCounting Ziggurat of Ur of the oldest temples that remained in Iraq located about 40 km to the west of the city of Nasiriyah (340 kilometers) south of Baghdad :, built by the founder of the third "Ur" strain, and the greatest kings "2050 BC is the guide to convert people then religions and wide, its importance in their lives. And ziggurat "Ur" is rectangular in shape, dimensions "200 × 150 m", and a height of "45" ahead. It was mainly composed of three layers, rises above it is dedicated to the worship of the gods of a large city, "age" the temple, and live up to it by Slim lateral and medial third, then later became consists of seven layers in the era of the Chaldean rule. Currently studying annotated in order to build a tourist city and museum in the city.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/godnanna2.jpggodnanna2The king of Ur is seated on his throne, bestowing power on governors who will rule beneath him. The god Nanna, god of the moon, who granted heavenly power to the king - and worshiped in the Great Ziggurat of Ur - is seen above in the form of a crescent moon.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/urcity.gifurcityhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/ziggurat_of_ur.jpgZiggurat_of_urComputer reconstruction of Ur-Nammu's ziggurat.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/800px-ancient_ziggurat_at_ali_air_base_iraq_2005.jpg800px-Ancient_ziggurat_at_Ali_Air_Base_Iraq_2005Partially reconstructed facade and the access staircase of the ziggurat. The actual remains of the Neo-Babylonian structure can be seen at the top.2019-09-16T12:22:19+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/07/18/the-filipino-is-worth-dying-for-what-ninoy-really-said/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/ninoy2.jpg2019-09-14T12:58:16+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2019/09/09/ontario-librarian-creates-online-guide-for-teachers-to-find-available-indigenous-course-content/2019-09-09T13:16:47+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2019/09/02/free-online-open-source-textbook-for-middle-or-high-school-the-united-states-an-open-ended-history/2019-08-31T13:32:16+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2019/08/31/some-ideas-for-teaching-about-the-philippines-and-the-philippine-american-war/2019-08-31T13:30:05+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2019/08/18/interpreting-paleolithic-and-neolithic-art/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/paleolithic-age-tools.jpgPaleolithic-Age Toolshttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/800px-diorama_cavemen_-_national_museum_of_mongolian_history.jpg800px-Diorama,_cavemen_-_National_Museum_of_Mongolian_HistoryThe control of fire by early humans was a turning point in the cultural aspect of human evolution. Fire provided a source of warmth, protection, improvement on hunting, and a method for cooking food, which allows humans to digest food for efficiently. These cultural advancements allowed for human geographic dispersal, cultural innovations, and changes to diet and behavior. Additionally, creating fire allowed the expansion of human activity to proceed into the dark and colder hours of the evening.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/homo_heidelbergensis_adult_male_-_head_model_-_smithsonian_museum_of_natural_history_-_2012-05-17.jpgHomo_heidelbergensis_adult_male_-_head_model_-_Smithsonian_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_2012-05-17Modern reconstruction of what a Neanderthal probably looked like in real life. In a sense, this species of human went extinct about 40,000 years ago - after living side-by-side with Homo Sapiens for tens of thousands of years. In another very real sense, they haven't gone anywhere - if you have European ancestry, you likely carry Neanderthal DNA.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/91873-004-e9f9f65f.jpg91873-004-E9F9F65Fhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/human-family-tree.jpgHuman-Family-Treehttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/lascaux-cave-dordogne-france.jpglascaux-cave-dordogne-francehttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/laas_geel.jpgLaas_GeelB. Laas Geel.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/niaux.jpgNiauxA. Grotte de Niaux.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpgBradshaw_rock_paintingsE. Bradshaw Rock.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cuevamanos.jpgCuevaManosC. Cueva de las Manos.2019-08-26T14:05:11+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2019/08/26/what-is-it-that-makes-humans-unique/2019-08-26T14:04:35+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2019/08/18/how-to-teach-like-a-traveler-2/2019-08-19T00:33:30+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/awards/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/awards.jpgawards2019-08-18T21:28:49+00:00weekly0.6https://openendedsocialstudies.org/2019/08/18/information-on-paleolithic-and-neolithic-art/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/800px-willendorf-venus-1468.jpg800px-Willendorf-Venus-1468https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/santacruz-cuevamanos-p2210079b.jpgSantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210079bCanyon at the Pinturas River, view from the caves.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/laas_geel_rock.jpgLaas Geel rock - the paleolithic art is preserved under the pronounced overhang near the top of the formation.2019-08-18T18:07:49+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2019/08/07/fes-imperial-city-the-center-of-trade/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/library.jpglibraryhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_4288.jpgIMG_4288https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_4280.jpgIMG_4280https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_4275.jpgIMG_4275https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_4266.jpgIMG_4266https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_4257.jpgIMG_4257The end result of this process is a colorful array of bags, clothing, and other leather goods.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_4248-1.jpgIMG_4248For its part, Fes became a major producer of leather goods. Tanneries such as this one still produce fine leather using many of the same techniques they have for more than a thousand years.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_4239.jpgIMG_4239A man and his son drop animal hides - goats, cows, or camels, usually - into vats of chemicals, which dye and preserve the skins as leather.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_4216-1.jpgIMG_4216Under Idris, the souks - or markets - of Fes were flooded with trade goods from across the African and Mediterranean worlds.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_4158.jpgIMG_4158The fine artisans of Morocco produce intricate tilework by hand, a trade that has persisted for more than a thousand years. Then, as now, their detailed work is expensive - a sign of status whether it adorns a palace wall or the floors of a riad, or wealthy person's home.2019-08-09T17:18:32+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2019/08/07/the-sahara-the-camel-and-the-caravan-trade/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/36-water-oases-and-breeding__web_en.jpg36-water-oases-and-breeding__WEB_ENThe Sahara is dry and harsh - but resourceful humans learned long ago how to make the most of it to raise food and facilitate long distance trade. The location of oases has been of critical importance for trade and transportation routes in desert areas; caravans must travel via oases so that supplies of water and food can be replenished. Thus, political or military control of an oasis has in many cases meant control of trade on a particular route. People who live in an oasis must manage land and water use carefully; fields must be irrigated to grow plants like apricots, dates, figs, and olives. The most important plant in an oasis is the date palm, which forms the upper layer. These palm trees provide shade for smaller trees like peach trees, which form the middle layer. By growing plants in different layers, the farmers make best use of the soil and water. Many vegetables are also grown and some cereals, such as barley, millet, and wheat, are grown where there is more moisture.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_4138.jpgIMG_4138One set among the dozens of front doors to the royal palace in Fez, each featuring intricate decorative work produced at great expense - again, paid for through taxes on the trans-Saharan trade.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_4282.jpgIMG_4282This is the Al-Attarine madrasa - the ancient equivalent of a high school in the Muslim world. Built in Fez between 1323 and 1325, its stunning woodwork and stucco detailing were funded via tax revenue from the trans-Saharan trade.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_4113.jpgIMG_4113This restaurant in modern day Fez was once a fantastic private residence - built and maintained by wealth hard-earned in the trans-Saharan trade.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/kasbah.jpgkasbahAït Benhaddou is an ighrem (fortified village in English) along the former caravan route between the Sahara and Marrakech in present-day Morocco. Such villages offered a walled refuge - complete with fresh water - for caravans traveling between Timbuktu and Marrakech, along the harsh Sahara trade routes.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/eating.jpgeatingSharing a meal, sharing a culture.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/griot-2.jpggriot 2https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/image.jpgimageA griot in modern Mali.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/slaves.jpgslaveshttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/salt-2.jpgsalt 2Salt, mined from large deposits, is loaded onto boats on the Niger River.2019-08-09T17:06:21+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2019/08/07/the-berbers-a-free-and-noble-people/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_3976.jpgIMG_3976Berber women hand stitch the lushly detailed patterns seen on these kaftans. The work is exacting - and can earn a good income for the skilled artisan.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_5777.jpgIMG_5777Many women cover their heads in accordance with Muslim tradition, but many more do not. https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/24048122704_b2de08a7c5_h.jpg24048122704_b2de08a7c5_hThe djellaba is a long, loose-fitting outer robe with full sleeves that is worn in the Maghreb region of North Africa. Djellabas are made of wool in different shapes and colors, but lightweight cotton djellabas have now become popular. Among the Berbers, or Imazighen, such as the Imilchil in the Atlas Mountains, the color of a djellaba traditionally indicates the marital status (single or married) of the bearer: a dark brown djellaba indicating bachelorhood. Almost all djellabas of both styles (male or female) include a baggy hood called a qob (Arabic: قب) that comes to a point at the back. The hood is important for both sexes, as it protects the wearer from the sun, and in earlier times, it was used as a defence against sand being blown into the wearer's face by strong desert winds. In colder climes, as in the mountains of Morocco and Algeria, it also serves the same function as a winter hat, preventing heat loss through the head and protecting the face from snow and rain. It is common for the roomy hood to be used as a pocket during times of warm weather; it can fit loaves of bread or bags of groceries.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_4775.jpgIMG_4775If men cover their heads, it is often with a wrapping as seen in this photo, which shields their heads and faces from the heat of the sun and the any sand on the wind.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_4792.jpgIMG_4792Two men in traditional Berber clothing.  The long tunic worn by both men and women is called a kaftan.  https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/almohad_expansion.pngAlmohad_ExpansionThe Almohad Empire, a Berber empire based in Morocco that lasted from 1121 to 1269.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/berber-pastilla-1.jpgberber pastillahttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/couscous-hayat-2-740x545.jpgcouscous-hayat-2-740x545Couscous (Berber : ⵙⴽⵙⵓ seksu, Arabic: كُسْكُس‎ kuskus) is originally a Maghrebi dish of small (about 3 millimetres (0.12 in) diameter) steamed balls of crushed durum wheat semolina that is traditionally served with a stew spooned on top. It is a staple of the Moroccan diet, meaning that is eaten routinely and in such quantities that it constitutes a dominant portion of a standard diet for a given people, supplying a large fraction of energy needs and generally forming a significant proportion of the intake of other nutrients as well. In Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and Libya, couscous is generally served with vegetables (carrots, potatoes, and turnips) cooked in a spicy or mild broth or stew, and some meat (generally, chicken, lamb or mutton).https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/berber-drums.jpgberber drumshttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/berber-fenic-fox.jpgberber fenic fox2019-08-09T17:04:42+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2019/08/07/a-basic-history-of-morocco/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_6073.jpgIMG_6073The King Hassan II Mosque is the largest mosque in Africa, and the 5th largest in the world. Its minaret is the world's second tallest minaret at 210 metres (689 ft). Mosque King Hassan II, son of Mohammed V, requested for the best of the country's artisans to come forward and submit plans for a mausoleum to honour the departed king; it should "reflect the fervor and veneration with which this illustrious man was regarded."https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/img_6070-1.jpgIMG_6070The King Hassan II Mosque is the largest mosque in Africa, and the 5th largest in the world. Its minaret is the world's second tallest minaret at 210 metres (689 ft). Mosque King Hassan II, son of Mohammed V, requested for the best of the country's artisans to come forward and submit plans for a mausoleum to honour the departed king; it should "reflect the fervor and veneration with which this illustrious man was regarded."https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/mosque-3.jpgmosque 3Construction costs, estimated to be about 585 million euro, were an issue of debate in Morocco, a lower mid-income country. While Hassan wished to build a mosque which would be second in size only to the mosque at Mecca, the government lacked funds for such a grand project. Much of the financing was by public subscription. Twelve million people donated to the cause, with a receipt and certificate given to every donor.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/mosque.jpgmosqueThe mosque rises above the Atlantic Ocean. The building is built partially on land and partially over the ocean. Apart from the mosque, other structures in the area are a madrasa (Islamic school), hammams (bathhouses), a museum on Moroccan history, conference halls, and a very large library said to be the "most comprehensive in the Islamic world."https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/mosque-1.jpgmosque 1The walls are of hand-crafted marble and the roof is retractable. A maximum of 105,000 worshippers can gather together for prayer: 25,000 inside the mosque hall and another 80,000 on the mosque's outside ground.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/800px-muhammad_v.jpg800px-Muhammad_VSultan Muhammad V of Morocco wearing a jalaba in 1934. On 20 August 1953, the French who were occupying Morocco at the time forced Mohammed V and his family into exile on Corsica. His first cousin once removed, Mohammed Ben Aarafa, was placed on the throne. Mohammed V and his family were then transferred to Madagascar in January 1954. Mohammed V returned from exile on 16 November 1955, and was again recognized as Sultan after active opposition to the French protectorate. In February 1956 he successfully negotiated with France and Spain for the independence of Morocco, and in 1957 took the title of King.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/morocco_map_history4_318px_01.jpgmorocco_map_history4_318px_01https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/saadi.jpgsaadiThe Saadi dynasty was an Arab Moroccan dynasty, which ruled Morocco from 1549 to 1659. Their tombs, located in their capital of Marrakech, are the final resting place of some sixty members of the family, all buried with their heads toward Mecca, according to the Muslim tradition. https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/rightlyguidedumayyad.pngrightlyguidedumayyadThe Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE) was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. The Umayyads continued the Muslim conquests, incorporating the Transoxiana, Sindh, the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) into the Muslim world. At its greatest extent, the Umayyad Caliphate covered 11,100,000 km2 (4,300,000 sq mi) and 33 million people, making it one of the largest empires in history in both area and proportion of the world's population. The dynasty was eventually overthrown by a rebellion led by the Abbasids in 750.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/vol-4.jpgvol 4The ruins remained substantially intact until they were devastated by an earthquake in the mid-18th century and subsequently looted by Moroccan rulers seeking stone for building Meknes. It was not until the latter part of the 19th century that the site was definitively identified as that of the ancient city of Volubilis.2019-08-09T16:30:14+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/01/01/five-pillars-to-hold-myself-up-what-do-muslims-believe/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/bahrain.jpgA minaret (left), from which a muezzin calls the faithful to prayer five times a day in the mosque below. In traditional Muslim society, there should be a mosque within walking distance in every neighborhood. (Manama, Bahrain, 2016.)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/img_20161116_141628.jpgimg_20161116_141628An arrow on the ceiling of a hotel room in Dubai helps Muslims direct their salat prayers toward Mecca, 2016.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/muslim_percent_population_v2-svg.pngmuslim_percent_population_v2-svghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/017-adam-and-eve-theredlist.jpg017-adam-and-eve-theredlistA depiction of Adam and Eve from Islamic art.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/the-doctrine-of-abrahamic-religions-2-7281.jpgthe-doctrine-of-abrahamic-religions-2-728https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/4989showing.png4989showinghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/1st-shahada_white.jpg1st-shahada_whitehttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/img_2881.jpgimg_2881Al Fateh Grand Mosque, Bahrain.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-11-15-03-00-59.jpg2016-11-15-03-00-59Ablution station in a school bathroom, Bahrain.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/islam_ph_92802.jpgislam_ph_928022019-08-08T06:00:03+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/01/01/muhammad-the-prophet-of-islam/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/img_3806.jpgimg_3806https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/universal-history-of-the-world.jpguniversal-history-of-the-worldThe angel Gabriel speaks to Muhammad in the cave.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/umrah.jpgumrahhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/tunisia-733613_960_720.jpgtunisia-733613_960_720Well-adapted to hot, dry desert climates, the camel was essential to the trade routes of Arabia.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/religion_sa_cradle-of-islam_map_150px_02.jpgreligion_sa_cradle-of-islam_map_150px_02https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/quranmuhammad.jpgquranmuhammadQuran with misbaha, Islamic prayer beads.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/one-umma-hdth.jpgone-umma-hdthhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/o-hajj-facebook.jpgo-hajj-facebookClick to expand.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/muhammad.jpgmuhammadMuhammad's name, written in calligraphic Arabic.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/madina-hijrah.jpgmadina-hijrah2019-08-08T05:59:09+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2019/08/07/morocco-the-western-kingdom/2019-08-08T05:58:02+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/browse-by-country/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/button-morocco.jpgbutton - moroccohttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/button-environmental-social-studies.jpgbutton - environmental social studieshttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/button-united-states.jpgbutton - united stateshttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/button-philippines.jpgbutton - philippineshttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/button-bulgaria.jpgbutton - bulgariahttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/button-japan1.jpgbutton - japanhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/button-bulgaria.jpgbutton - bulgariahttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/mesoamerica-button.jpgmesoamerica buttonhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/gulf-button.jpggulf buttonhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/button-russia.jpgbutton - russia2019-08-08T01:36:26+00:00weekly0.6https://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/07/22/stereoscopic-visions-of-war-and-empire/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/5.png5"Oh Jack! Jack! -- Not Killed, but Only Wounded!" Underwood & Underwood, 1899. https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/6.png6The Story of the Battle -- Our country victorious and now a Happy Home. Underwood & Underwood, 1899. https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/3.png3Sad News from the Battle-field -- Jack has fallen at Manila. Underwood & Underwood, 1899.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/4.png4"For my Country I can even give Jack up." Underwood & Underwood, 1899. https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/1.png1"I am so Sorry to Leave You, dear." Underwood & Underwood, 1899. https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/2.png2"My Country Calls and I Must Go" Underwood & Underwood, 1899. https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/peace.jpgpeace"Bringing Peace to the fertile Philippines --some of the 9th Infantry Boys at Las Pinas." Underwood & Underwood, 1899.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/stricken.jpgstricken"Stricken with fever --more deadly than Filipino bullets-- 1st Reserve Hospital, Manila, Philippine Islands." Underwood & Underwood, 1899.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/necessary.jpgnecessary"The necessary Result of War --an Insurgent killed in the trenches at the Battle of Malabon, P. I." Underwood & Underwood, 1899.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/departed.jpgdeparted"Praying for the souls of departed friends --Santa Cruz Cemetery, Manila, Philippines." Underwood & Underwood, 1899.2019-07-06T02:34:21+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/07/20/the-white-mans-burden-kiplings-hymn-to-u-s-imperialism/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/whitemansburden.jpgwhitemansburden2019-07-06T02:33:56+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/07/22/the-philippines-in-the-american-empire/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/childrenofthesunreturning.jpgchildrenofthesunreturninghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/independence.jpgindependenceIn a ceremony on July 4, 1946, the U.S. flag was lowered in Manila for the last time while the Philippine flag was raised over a newly independent nation. (Diorama in the Ayala Museum, Makati, Philippines, 2018.)2019-07-06T02:33:35+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/07/21/the-brutality-of-the-philippine-american-war/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/pasig.jpgpasigThe Philippine-American War ended more than a century ago, but much of the nation is still gripped by the poverty and dramatic income inequality that characterizes many former colonies around the world. Why do you think the effects of colonization tend to linger long after the empire itself has crumbled?https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/quezon.jpgquezonUpon the occupation of the Philippines in 1898, the Americans claimed that the Filipinos were ill-equipped for total independence, that they needed tutoring on how to run their own affairs. By 1934, because of economic and immigration pressures created by the Great Depression, the United States finally allowed a Filipino to take charge of the colony. A national election was held, and on November 15, 1935, Manuel Quezon became president - a president who still largely answered to the Americans. (Diorama in the Ayala Museum, Makati, Philippines.)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/aguinaldo-capture.jpgaguinaldo captureOn March 23, 1901, Aguinaldo was celebrating his birthday when he was captured by Filipino troops in service of the Americans.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/war.jpgwar2019-07-06T02:33:14+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2019/07/05/ninoy-and-marcos-a-pact-with-the-devil-is-no-pact-at-all/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/img_2434.jpgIMG_2434The People Power Monument is a monument built to commemorate the events of the 1986 People Power Revolution. The first and middle tiers are composed of statues of people from all sectors of the society. The first tier is composed of a chain of men and women with arms linked together. The middle tier represents various people, young and old, who had joined the protest; some of the statues are that of a musician, a mother carrying an infant, priests, and nuns. On the top tier of the monument is a towering female figure with arms raised toward the sky. The figure has unchained shackles on her wrist which represent freedom. From the back of the composition rises a large flag and staff.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/img_2717.jpgIMG_2717https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/corazon_aquino_inauguration.jpgCorazon_Aquino_inaugurationCorazon Aquino was inaugurated as the 11th president of the Philippines on February 25, 1986 at Sampaguita Hall (Now Kalayaan Hall).https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/plazamiranda.jpgPlazaMirandaA still from a documentary showing Liberal Party members onstage at the Plaza Miranda, moments before the bombing.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/lyndon_b._johnson_and_imelda_marcos_dancing.jpgLyndon_B._Johnson_and_Imelda_Marcos_dancingU.S President Lyndon B. Johnson dancing with Imelda Marcos. Throughout Marcos's reign, he enjoyed firm support from the United States government. He was, after all, staunchly anticommunist at a time when that mattered more than almost anything.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/220px-ferdinand_marcos.jpg220px-Ferdinand_MarcosFerdinand Marcos became the longest-serving Philippine president for 20 years.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/ninoy_aquino_3.jpgNinoy_Aquino_3Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/ph1-06132016_fort-boni_gn1.jpgPH1-06132016_fort-boni_GN1Room where Aquino was detained from August 1973 to 1980.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/800px-ninoys_bloodied_jacket_belt_and_boots.jpg800px-Ninoy's_bloodied_jacket,_belt_and_bootsBloodied safari jacket, pants (folded), belt, and boots worn by Aquino upon his return from exile are on permanent display at the Aquino Center in Tarlac.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/edsa_revolution_pic1.jpgEDSA_Revolution_pic1Hundreds of thousands of people filling up Epifanio delos Santos Avenue (EDSA), facing northbound towards the Boni Serrano Avenue-EDSA intersection. (February 1986)2019-07-06T02:32:25+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/07/20/the-origins-of-the-philippine-american-war/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/untitled-1.jpgUntitled-1Jose Rizal famously declined the Spanish offer of a carriage ride to his execution site. Instead, he walked, and today, bronze footprints mark his path from Fort Santiago to today's Rizal Park, a memorial that literally allows one to walk in the footsteps of a national hero.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/rizal.jpgrizalJose Rizal was the author of novels and poems which inspired a strong sense of Filipino nationalism at the end of the Spanish colonial period. He on behalf advocated political reforms for the colony under Spain, and while he never really pushed for it himself, his critiques made him an inspiration to the independence movement. For this reason, the Spanish considered him dangerous. He was executed by the Spanish colonial government for the crime of rebellion after the Philippine Revolution broke out. Though shot in the back, Rizal's final act was to spin as he fell so that he would land facing up, toward the rising sun. (Diorama in the Ayala Museum, Makati, Philippines, 2018.)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/aguinaldo.jpgaguinaldoOn June 12, 1898, the Philippine national flag was unfurled for the first time at the Aguinaldo residence in Kawit. At the same time, the Declaration of Philippine Independence was read aloud. It invoked the protection of God in heaven and "the Mighty and Humane North American Nation" on earth, dissolved all bonds between Spain and the Philippines, and proclaimed the right of the new republic to exercise all the attributes of a sovereign nation-state. (Diorama in the Ayala Museum, Makati, Philippines, 2018.)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/bonifacio.jpgbonifacioThe Revolution Against Spain Begins - In 1896, after the existence of the Katipunan, a heretofore secret society working toward independence, became known to the Spanish, founder Andres Bonifacio asked his men whether they were prepared to fight to the end. They all responded in the affirmative. Bonifacio then urged everyone to tear up his or her tax certificate, a symbolic gesture signifying the end of servitude to Spain. They did so amidst cries of "Long live the Philippines! Long live the Katipunan!" (Diorama in the Ayala Museum, Makati, Philippines, 2018.)2019-07-06T02:32:11+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/07/02/manila-at-the-crossroads-of-world-trade/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/route.jpgroutehttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/2018-06-12-16-36-42.jpg2018-06-12 16.36.42https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/2018-06-12-16-41-26.jpg2018-06-12 16.41.26https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/2018-06-12-16-33-37.jpg2018-06-12 16.33.37https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/2018-06-23-12-26-26.jpg2018-06-23 12.26.26This Mexican made vessel is decorated with Mediterranean influenced designs. It was aboard the San Diego when it sunk. (Manila, Philippines, 2018.)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/2018-06-23-12-25-43.jpg2018-06-23 12.25.43Another fine example of Chinese porcelain recovered from the San Diego. (Manila, Philippines, 2018.)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/2018-06-23-12-23-50.jpg2018-06-23 12.23.50Also aboard the San Diego were these silver coins were mined and minted in Potosi, in modern day Bolivia. (Manila, Philippines, 2018.)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/2018-06-23-12-19-50.jpg2018-06-23 12.19.50Recovered from the San Diego was this part of a larger, mass produced set of Chinese porcelain with a deer motif - each hand painted, varying organically, but following the same design. (Manila, Philippines, 2018.)2019-07-06T02:31:26+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/07/18/islands-in-a-friendly-sea-some-basics-of-filipino-history-and-culture/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/laketaal.jpglaketaalhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/img_2018.jpgIMG_2018https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/img_98531.jpgIMG_9853https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/chinese-arrival.jpgchinese arrivalArchaeologists have found evidence for trade with China dating back nearly 2000 years. The first high volume trade began in the 10th Century CE. The Chinese brought ceramics (what we call china), tea, and silk, while the Filipinos offered raw materials like wood, wax, pearls, and tortoise shells. This trade happened regularly, often taking place on the beach. (Diorama in the Ayala Museum, Makati, Philippines, 2018.)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/chinese-conflict.jpgchinese conflictAfter Spanish conquest, the Chinese population in Manila rose dramatically. These Chinese were merchants facilitating trade between Spain and China, but their relationship with Spanish authorities was often characterized by mistrust and violence, as in 1603 when tensions spilled over into an uprising - that left some 20,000 Chinese dead. (Diorama in the Ayala Museum, Makati, Philippines, 2018.)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/philippinearab.jpgphilippinearabArab traders have been visiting Philippines for nearly 2000 years. After the advent of Islam, in 1380, Karim ul’ Makhdum, the first Muslim missionary to reach the Sulu Archipelago, brought Islam to what is now the Philippines, first arriving in Jolo. Subsequent visits of Arab Muslim missionaries strengthened the Muslim faith in the Philippines, concentrating in the south and reaching as far north as Manila. https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/timeline.jpgtimelinehttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/map.jpgLocations of pre-colonial Polities and Kingdoms.Locations of pre-colonial Filipino Polities and Kingdoms (900 CE to 1565 CE).2019-07-06T02:30:54+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/07/24/in-the-trenches-harpers-weekly-covers-the-philippine-america-war/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/filipinosoldierharpersweekly.jpgfilipinosoldierharpersweeklyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/hawaii-annex.jpghawaii annexhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/iloilo1.jpgiloiloHarper's Weekly, A Journal of Civilization - Our New Citizens - A Native Family in Iloilo, January 14, 1899.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/harpersweekly.jpgharpersweeklyHarper's Weekly, A Journal of Civilization, August 27, 1898.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/john-bass.jpgjohn bassJohn F. Bass was a correspondent for the American magazine Harper's Weekly, covering the Philippine-American War from Manila. He is pictured here with a cage full of homing pigeons which he used to file breaking news dispatches from the field.2019-07-06T02:29:53+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/07/18/the-philippines-at-the-crossroads-of-the-world/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/img_0179.jpgIMG_01792019-07-06T02:28:29+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2019/04/23/the-dead-of-antietam-photography-in-the-civil-war/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/1280px-bodies_on_the_battlefield_at_antietam.jpg1280px-Bodies_on_the_battlefield_at_antietam2019-07-04T17:01:23+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/08/04/the-pristine-myth-how-native-americans-shaped-their-world/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/frederic_remington_the_grass_fire.jpgFrederic_Remington_The_Grass_Fire2019-07-04T16:58:49+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2019/07/03/north-americas-first-people/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/img.jpgimg2019-07-04T16:57:18+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2019/07/03/a-collision-of-worlds-the-legacy-of-columbus/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/920x920.jpg920x920https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/chriscrop.jpgchriscropStatues of Christopher Columbus are common throughout the world, especially in the United States. In the twenty-first century, veneration of Columbus has become increasingly controversial. This statue of Columbus is New York's Central Park was defaced with red paint - representing blood on his hands.2019-07-04T16:54:29+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/02/20/the-americas-a-free-open-source-textbook-in-progress/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/americas1.jpgamericas2019-07-03T14:53:05+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/10/05/sectionalism-in-the-fractured-1850s/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/article-2181027-144ab033000005dc-665_634x431.jpgarticle-2181027-144AB033000005DC-665_634x431A slave market, notorious to abolitionists, stood within sight of the U.S. Capitol Building in Washington, DC.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/slave_kidnap_post_1851_boston.jpgSlave_kidnap_post_1851_bostonAn April 24, 1851 poster warning the "colored people of Boston" about policemen acting as slave catchers.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/cartoon_supporting_the_fugitive_slave_act_1851.jpgCartoon_Supporting_the_Fugitive_Slave_Act_(1851)Print by E. W. Clay, an artist who published many proslavery cartoons, supports the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. In the cartoon, a Southerner mocks a Northerner who claims his goods, several bolts of fabric, have been stolen. "They are fugitives from you, are they?" asks the slaveholder. Adopting the rhetoric of abolitionists, he continues, "As to the law of the land, I have a higher law of my own, and possession is nine points in the law."https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/abolitionist-cartoon-satirizing-slave-everett.jpgabolitionist-cartoon-satirizing-slave-everettAn abolitionist cartoon, mocking Fitzhugh's arguments in defense of slavery.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/00080486.gif00080486https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/slide_18.jpgslide_18The largest cities in the United States in 1860. The promise of industrial jobs brought immigrants to the North in great numbers. By contrast, there were few factories in the South and most menial jobs were performed by slaves - meaning there was little motivation for immigrants to move there.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/railroads1.pngRailroads1Map of railroads in the United States in 1860. Notice how densely packed these lines are in the North, and how relatively unconnected the South is - an indicator of its overall lack of industrial development. This would prove to be a decisive factor during the Civil War.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/slaves_1860.pngslaves_1860https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/800px-scourged_back_by_mcpherson__oliver_1863_retouched.jpg800px-Scourged_back_by_McPherson_&_Oliver,_1863,_retouchedGordon was an enslaved African American who escaped from a Louisiana plantation in March 1863. He became known as the subject of photographs documenting the extensive scarring of his back from whippings received in slavery. Abolitionists distributed these photographs of Gordon throughout the United States and internationally to show the abuses of slavery.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/sectionlaismmap.jpgsectionlaismmapSectionalism in 1800s America refers to the different lifestyles, social structures, customs, and the political values of the North, the South, and questions over the future development of the West.2019-07-02T14:11:35+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/10/06/a-divided-nation/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/curry_tragic_prelude.jpgcurry_tragic_preludehttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/1020px-electoralcollege1860-svg.png1020px-ElectoralCollege1860.svgThe results of the 1860 election.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/800px-abraham_lincoln_by_byers_1858_-_crop.jpg800px-Abraham_Lincoln_by_Byers,_1858_-_cropLincoln in 1858, the year of his debates with Stephen Douglas over slavery. Lincoln would grow his famous beard after his election to the presidency at the suggestion of a young girl.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/800px-john_brown_interior_engine_house.jpg800px-John_brown_interior_engine_househttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/800px-johnbrownfort2007.jpg800px-JohnBrownFort2007A modern reproduction of the 1848 fire engine house that became known as John Brown's Fort, c. 2007.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/t-john-brown-last-prophecy.jpgT-john-brown-last-prophecyOn the day of his execution, Brown wrote his last testament, which said, I John Brown am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty, land: will never be purged away; but with Blood. I had as I now think: vainly flattered myself that without very much bloodshed; it might be done.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/800px-dred_scott_photograph_circa_1857.jpg800px-Dred_Scott_photograph_(circa_1857)Dred Scott (c. 1799 – September 17, 1858) was an enslaved African American man in the United States who unsuccessfully sued for his freedom and that of his wife and their two daughters in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case of 1857, popularly known as the "Dred Scott case." Scott claimed that he and his wife should be granted their freedom because they had lived in Illinois and the Wisconsin Territory for four years, where slavery was illegal.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/800px-john_brown_by_augustus_washington_1846-7.png800px-John_Brown_by_Augustus_Washington,_1846-7John Brown was dissatisfied with the pacifism of the organized abolitionist movement: "These men are all talk. What we need is action—action!" In May 1856, Brown and his supporters killed five supporters of slavery in the Pottawatomie massacre. Brown's actions as an abolitionist and the tactics he used still make him a controversial figure today. He is both memorialized as a heroic martyr and visionary, and vilified as a madman and a terrorist.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/southern_chivalry.jpgSouthern_ChivalryLithograph of Preston Brooks' 1856 attack on Sumner; the artist depicts the faceless assailant bludgeoning Sumner.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/800px-stephen_arnold_douglas.jpg800px-Stephen_Arnold_DouglasStephen A. Douglas, Democratic Senator from Illinois, explaining popular sovereignty and his Kansas-Nebraska Act – "The great principle of self government is at stake, and surely the people of this country are never going to decide that the principle upon which our whole republican system rests is vicious and wrong."2019-07-02T14:08:40+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/10/01/manifest-destiny-westward-expansion-and-the-conquest-of-mexico/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/800px-war_news_from_mexico.jpg800px-War_News_from_MexicoWar News from Mexico (1848).https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/333px-wpdms_republic_of_texas-svg.png333px-Wpdms_republic_of_texas.svgThe Republic of Texas: The present-day outlines of the individual U.S. states are superimposed on the boundaries of 1836–1845.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/800px-mexico_1824_equirectangular_projection.png800px-Mexico_1824_(equirectangular_projection)Mexico in 1824.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/comanches.jpgComanchesComanches of West Texas in war regalia, c. 1830.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/800px-american_progress_john_gast_painting.jpg800px-American_Progress_(John_Gast_painting)American Progress, (1872) by John Gast, is an allegorical representation of the modernization of the new west. Columbia, a personification of the United States, is shown leading civilization westward with the American settlers. She is shown bringing light from the East into the West, stringing telegraph wire, holding a school textbook that will instill knowledge,[1] and highlights different stages of economic activity and evolving forms of transportation.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/800px-fallofthealamo.jpg800px-FalloftheAlamoThe Battle of the Alamo was a pivotal event in the Texas Revolution. Following a 13-day siege, Mexican troops under President General Antonio López de Santa Anna launched an assault on the Alamo Mission near modern-day San Antonio, Texas, United States, killing the Texian defenders. Buoyed by a desire for revenge, the Texians defeated the Mexican Army at the Battle of San Jacinto, on April 21, 1836, ending the revolution.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/comancheria.jpgComancheriaThe Comancheria is the name commonly given to the region of New Mexico, west Texas and nearby areas occupied by the Comanche before the 1860s. They were dominate power in the region and are sometimes called an empire, though they were regarded as little more than bandits at the time.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/800px-mexican_cession_in_mexican_view.png800px-Mexican_Cession_in_Mexican_ViewMexican territorial claims relinquished under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in white.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/800px-battle_of_churubusco2.jpg800px-Battle_of_Churubusco2This lithograph from 1847 depicting the Battle of Churubusco suggests the one-sided nature of many of the conflicts in the Mexican-American War.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/frederick_douglass_by_samuel_j_miller_1847-52.pngFrederick_Douglass_by_Samuel_J_Miller,_1847-52Ex-slave Frederick Douglass opposed the war and was dismayed by the weakness of the anti-war movement. "The determination of our slave holding president, and the probability of his success in wringing from the people, men and money to carry it on, is made evident by the puny opposition arrayed against him. None seem willing to take their stand for peace at all risks."2019-07-02T14:06:23+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/10/02/i-will-not-retreat-a-single-inch-reformers-make-themselves-heard/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/webber_painting_underground_railroad.jpgwebber_painting_underground_railroadhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/ch09_map1.jpgch09_map1Map of various Underground Railroad escape routes.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/15f-harriet-tudman-with-a-group-of-runaway-slaves-during-slavery-seeking-freedom-c-charles-blockson-collection.jpg15f-harriet-tudman-with-a-group-of-runaway-slaves-during-slavery-seeking-freedom-c-charles-blockson-collectionhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/1024px-flag_of_liberia-svg.png1024px-Flag_of_Liberia.svgThe Liberian Flag.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/bl1341-1.jpgbl1341-1The Native American Party, renamed the American Party in 1855 and commonly known as the Know Nothing movement, was an American nativist political party that operated nationally in the mid-1850s. It was primarily anti-Catholic, xenophobic, and hostile to immigration, starting originally as a secret society. The movement briefly emerged as a major political party in the form of the American Party. Adherents to the movement were to reply "I know nothing" when asked about its specifics by outsiders, thus providing the group with its common name.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/800px-the_drunkards_progress_-_color.jpg800px-The_Drunkard's_Progress_-_ColorThe Drunkard's Progress: by Nathaniel Currier 1846, warns that moderate drinking leads, step-by-step, to total disaster.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/800px-benjamin_d-_maxham_-_henry_david_thoreau_-_restored_-_greyscale_-_straightened.jpg800px-Benjamin_D._Maxham_-_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Restored_-_greyscale_-_straightenedHenry David Thoreau was an American essayist, poet, philosopher, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, and historian. A leading transcendentalist, Thoreau is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay "Civil Disobedience" (originally published as "Resistance to Civil Government"), an argument for disobedience to an unjust state.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/800px-dix-dorothea-loc.jpg800px-Dix-Dorothea-LOCDorothea Dix was an American activist on behalf of the indigent mentally ill who, through a vigorous program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/mcguffeys_primer_1836.jpgMcGuffey's_Primer_1836McGuffey's Primer was a common American textbook. This edition dates from 1836.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/0365e4e9855679b8aa7161333eb87199.png0365e4e9855679b8aa7161333eb87199The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women's rights convention. It advertised itself as "a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman." Held in Seneca Falls, New York, it spanned two days over July 19–20, 1848. Attracting widespread attention, it was soon followed by other women's rights conventions.2019-07-02T14:05:14+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/09/27/andrew-jackson-for-and-against-the-common-man/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/800px-osceola.jpg800px-OsceolaIn 1836, Osceola led a small group of warriors in the Seminole resistance during the Second Seminole War, when the United States tried to remove the tribe from their lands in Florida to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. Osceola led the Seminole resistance to removal until he was captured on October 21, 1837, by deception, under a flag of truce, when he went to a site near Fort Peyton for peace talks.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/trail-of-tears.pngtrail-of-tearshttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/trails_of_tears_en1.pngTrails_of_Tears_enMap of United States Indian Removal, 1830–1838. Oklahoma, the federally dedicated Indian Territory, is depicted in light yellow-green.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/800px-general_jackson_slaying_the_many_headed_monster_cropped.jpg800px-General_Jackson_Slaying_the_Many_Headed_Monster_(cropped)A political cartoon depicting Jackson battling the many-headed monster of the Bank.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/king_andrew_the_first_political_cartoon_of_president_andrew_jackson.jpgKing_Andrew_the_First_(political_cartoon_of_President_Andrew_Jackson)King Andrew the First is a famous American political cartoon created by an unknown artist around 1833. The cartoon depicts Andrew Jackson, the 7th United States president, as a monarch holding a veto bill and trampling on the Constitution and on internal improvements of the national bank.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/20.png202019-07-02T13:58:46+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/09/27/the-era-of-good-feelings-and-others-who-were-not-so-lucky/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/1280px-lock_15_c_and_o_canal.jpg1280px-Lock_15_C_and_O_Canalhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/usa_territorial_growth_1820_alt.jpgUSA_Territorial_Growth_1820_altThe United States in 1819. The Missouri Compromise prohibited slavery in the unorganized territory of the Great Plains (upper dark green) and permitted it in Missouri (yellow) and the Arkansas Territory (lower blue area).https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/methodist_camp_meeting_1819_engraving.jpgMethodist_camp_meeting_(1819_engraving)An engraving of a Methodist camp meeting in 1819.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/oldcocanalatgeorgetown-large.jpgOldC&OCanalAtGeorgetown-LARGEThe C & O Canal at Georgetown, near Washington, DC. Notice the towpath beside the canal along which donkeys or horses would pull boats.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/800px-henry_clay_-_project_gutenberg_etext_16960.png800px-Henry_Clay_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16960The Monkey System or Every One For Himself Henry Clay says "Walk in and see the new improved grand original American System!" The cages are labeled: "Home, Consumption, Internal, Improv". This 1831 cartoon ridiculing Clay's American System depicts monkeys, labeled as being different parts of a nation's economy, stealing each other's resources (food) with commentators describing it as either great or a humbug.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/independence_day_celebration_in_centre_square.jpgIndependence_Day_Celebration_in_Centre_SquareIndependence Day Celebration in Centre Square by John Lewis Krimmel (1787–1821). Watercolor with pencil and ink on paper, 18192019-07-02T13:57:41+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/09/26/foreign-adventures-in-the-new-republic/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/seminole-village.jpgSeminole villageA modern depiction of a classic Seminole village.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/5347d6d793b6e6eda8dd2d79025ceec9.jpg5347d6d793b6e6eda8dd2d79025ceec9https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/monroe-doctrine-post.jpgMonroe-Doctrine-PostThe United States would invoke the Monroe Doctrine repeatedly through the next century, as reflected from this cartoon from around the year 1900.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/765228024.jpg765228024https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/death_of_tecumseh.jpgDeath_of_TecumsehDeath of Tecumseh, Frieze of the United States Capitol rotunda.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/tecumseh02.jpgTecumseh02Tecumseh.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/lossy-page1-1024px-the_battle_of_new_orleans-_january_1815-_copy_of_engraving_by_h-_b-_hall_after_w-_momberger-_ca-_1900_-_1982_-_nara_-_531091-tif.jpglossy-page1-1024px-The_Battle_of_New_Orleans._January_1815._Copy_of_engraving_by_H._B._Hall_after_W._Momberger.,_ca._1900_-_1982_-_NARA_-_531091.tifAndrew Jackson's unlikely victory against a superior British force at the Battle of New Orleans came in January 1815, weeks after the official end of the war. It turned him into a household name.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/800px-ft-_henry_bombardement_1814.jpg800px-Ft._Henry_bombardement_1814An artist's rendering of the bombardment at Fort McHenry. Francis Scott Key watched from a U.S. truce ship and was inspired to write the four-stanza poem he originally titled "The Defence of Fort McHenry". The poem was later set to music and named "The Star-Spangled Banner," which was adopted as the national anthem in 1931.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/1024px-the_presidents_house_by_george_munger_1814-1815_-_crop.jpg1024px-The_President's_House_by_George_Munger,_1814-1815_-_CropThe White House ruins after the conflagration of August 24, 1814.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ograbme.jpgOgrabmeA political cartoon showing merchants dodging the "Ograbme", which is "Embargo" spelled backwards. The embargo was also ridiculed in the New England press as Dambargo, Mob-Rage, or Go-bar-'em.2019-07-02T13:56:40+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/09/25/adams-jefferson-and-two-visions-for-the-united-states/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/lewis-and-clark_v2.jpglewis-and-clark_v2A page from Lewis's journal.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/lewis_and_clark-expedition.jpgLewis_and_clark-expeditionLewis and Clark on the Lower Columbia by Charles Marion Russell depicting Sacagawea with arms outstretched.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/800px-plaque_of_marbury_v-_madison_at_scotus_building.jpg800px-Plaque_of_Marbury_v._Madison_at_SCOTUS_BuildingInscription on the wall of the Supreme Court Building from Marbury v. Madison, in which Chief Justice John Marshall outlined the concept of judicial review.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/800px-united_states_1805-01-1805-07.png800px-United_States_1805-01-1805-07The 1803 Louisiana Purchase totaled 827,987 square miles (2,144,480 square kilometers), doubling the size of the United States.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/800px-louisiana_purchase.png800px-Louisiana_PurchaseThe 1803 Louisiana Purchase totaled 827,987 square miles (2,144,480 square kilometers), doubling the size of the United States.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/800px-duel_between_aaron_burr_and_alexander_hamilton.jpg800px-Duel_between_Aaron_Burr_and_Alexander_HamiltonVice President Aaron Burr bore a grudge against Hamilton. In 1804, when the two ran for Governor of New York, they dueled, and Burr killed Hamilton.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/powerloom_weaving_in_1835.jpgPowerloom_weaving_in_1835A Roberts loom in a weaving shed in 1835. Textiles were the leading industry of the Industrial Revolution and mechanized factories, powered by a central water wheel or steam engine, were the new workplace.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/eli-whitney-and-the-cotton-gin-8.jpgeli-whitney-and-the-cotton-gin-8Two slaves operate one of Eli Whitney's cotton gins. Whitney invented his cotton gin in 1793. He began to work on this project after moving to Georgia in search of work. Whitney created two cotton gins: a small one that could be hand-cranked and a large one that could be driven by a horse or water power. Thanks to the cotton gin, the amount of raw cotton yielded had doubled each decade after 1800.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/thomas_jefferson_by_rembrandt_peale_1800.jpgThomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale,_1800Vice President Thomas Jefferson actively worked against his own president, arguing that states had the right to nullify or ignore those federal laws with which they disagreed.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/1024px-property_protected_c3a0_la_franc3a7oise.jpg1024px-Property_protected_à_la_françoiseA political cartoon depicts the XYZ Affair – America is a female being plundered by Frenchmen. (1798)2019-07-02T13:55:34+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/09/24/president-washington-and-the-origins-of-party-politics/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ct-5774-2_w-1520.jpgCT-5774-2_W-1520https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/1812-impressment-pyle-l.jpg1812-impressment-pyle-lBritish officers inspect a group of American sailors for impressment into the British navy, ca. 1810, in a drawing by Howard Pyle. The practice angered Americans - and was left unaddressed by the Jay Treaty, angering them more.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/compromise_of_1790.jpgCompromise_of_1790Jefferson and Hamilton met in private with James Madison to hammer out the deal that came to be known as the Compromise of 1790.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/722px-tricolour_cockade-svg.png722px-Tricolour_Cockade.svgRepublicans used a red, white and blue cockade as a symbol.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/722px-federalist_cockade-svg.png722px-Federalist_Cockade.svgFederalists used a black and white cockade as a symbol.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/washingtons_inauguration.jpgWashington's_InaugurationGeorge Washington's inauguration as the first President of the United States which took place in New York City on April 30, 1789.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/in-leading-the-militia-against-the-whiskey-rebellion-washington-became-one-of-only-two-sitting-u-s-presidents-to-exercise-battlefield-authority.jpgIn leading the militia against the Whiskey Rebellion, Washington became one of only two sitting U.S. presidents to exercise battlefield authority.In leading the militia against the Whiskey Rebellion, Washington became one of only two sitting U.S. presidents to exercise battlefield authority.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/whiskey_insurrection.jpgWhiskey_Insurrection"Famous Whiskey Insurrection in Pennsylvania," an 1880 illustration of a tarred and feathered tax collector being made to ride the rail.2019-07-02T13:54:27+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/09/20/the-constitution-a-second-draft-of-american-democracy/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/constitution-1250x650.gifConstitution-1250x650https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/rising-sun-chair2.jpgrising-sun-chair2The Rising Sun Chair George Washington used during the Constitutional Convention.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/an_advertisement_of_the_federalist_-_project_gutenberg_etext_16960.jpgAn_Advertisement_of_The_Federalist_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16960An advertisement for The Federalist, 1787, using the pseudonym "Philo-Publius."https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/checks.jpgcheckshttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/johndickinson4.gifJohnDickinson4Quaker John Dickinson argued forcefully against slavery during the Convention. Once Delaware's largest slaveholder, he had freed all of his slaves by 1787.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/1024px-independence_hall_10.jpg1024px-Independence_Hall_10Independence Hall's Assembly Room, where the delegates worked through summer heat in 1787.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/1024px-scene_at_the_signing_of_the_constitution_of_the_united_states.jpg1024px-Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_StatesScene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States.2019-07-02T13:53:10+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/09/17/the-shot-heard-round-the-world-common-sense-and-independence/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/inside_independence_hall.jpgInside_Independence_Hallhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/1024px-independence_hall_assembly_room.jpg1024px-Independence_Hall_Assembly_RoomThe Assembly Room in Philadelphia's Independence Hall, where the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/franklin-jefferson-and-adams-1024x768.jpgFranklin-Jefferson-and-Adams-1024x768From left to right, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, John Adams of Massachusetts, and Thomas Jefferson of Virginia represented the three major regions of the colonies and were the three most prominent members of the committee appointed to write the Declaration of Independence. The final product, while containing contributions from the group as a whole, was largely the work of Jefferson.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/thomas_paine_1050x700.jpgthomas_paine_1050x700Thomas Paine and the cover to his most famous work, Common Sense.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/800px-siegeofbostonartillery.jpg800px-SiegeofbostonartilleryAn ox team hauling Ticonderoga's guns.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/1024px-washingtoncommandarmy.jpg1024px-WashingtoncommandarmyGeorge Washington taking command of the Continental Army, 1775.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/800px-king_george_iii_of_england_by_johann_zoffany.jpg800px-King_George_III_of_England_by_Johann_ZoffanyKing George III in 1771.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/battle-of-bunker-hill.jpgbattle of bunker hillA stylized rendering of the Battle of Bunker Hill.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/lexington_concord_siege_of_boston_crop.jpgLexington_Concord_Siege_of_Boston_crop1775 map of the Boston area, relating key events from this early period of the war.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/statue-at-lexington-green.jpgstatue-at-lexington-greenThe statue that now stands on Lexington green commemorating the service and sacrifice of colonial Minutemen. Some argue that this likeness is based on Captain John Parker, though that claim has never been proven.2019-07-02T13:50:16+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/09/17/agitation-taxation-and-representation-by-other-means/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/800px-rapeboston.jpg800px-RapeBostonThis Patriot cartoon depicting the Coercive Acts as the forcing of tea by prominent British politicians on a Native American woman (a symbol of the American colonies) was copied and distributed in the Thirteen Colonies.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/boston_tea_party-cooper.jpgBoston_Tea_Party-Cooper1789 engraving of the destruction of the tea.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/samuel-adams.jpgSamuel AdamsSamuel Adams, one of the colonies' most vocal patriots.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/this-is-paul-reveres-engraving-it-depicts-the-boston-massacre-as-paul-revere-painting-boston-massacre.jpgthis-is-paul-reveres-engraving-it-depicts-the-boston-massacre-as-paul-revere-painting-boston-massacreSilversmith and engraver Paul Revere created this image, which exaggerated or outright falsified certain details of the event in order to further public outrage against the British. Despite the fact that British fire was spontaneous and in response to snowballs and jeering from the American crowd, Captain Preston is shown ordering his men to fire, and a musket is seen shooting out of the window of the customs office, which is labeled "Butcher's Hall." Artist Christian Remick hand-colored some prints. Some copies of the print show a man with two chest wounds and a somewhat darker face, matching descriptions of Attucks; others show no victim as a person of color. The image was published in the Boston Gazette, circulating widely, and became an effective piece of anti-British propaganda. The image of bright red "lobster backs" and wounded men with red blood was hung in farmhouses across New England.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/o_the_fatal_stamp.jpgistampa001p1American newspapers reacted to the Stamp Act with anger and predictions of the demise of journalism.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/800px-proof_sheet_of_one_penny_stamps_stamp_act_1765.jpg800px-Proof_sheet_of_one_penny_stamps_Stamp_Act_1765Proof sheet of one-penny stamps submitted for approval to Commissioners of Stamps by engraver, May 10, 1765.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/the-skirmish-at-lexington.jpegThe skirmish at Lexington.The skirmish at Lexington.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/800px-philip_dawe_attributed_the_bostonians_paying_the_excise-man_or_tarring_and_feathering_1774_-_02.jpg800px-Philip_Dawe_(attributed),_The_Bostonians_Paying_the_Excise-man,_or_Tarring_and_Feathering_(1774)_-_02The Bostonian Paying the Excise-Man, 1774 British propaganda print, referring to the tarring and feathering, of Boston Commissioner of Customs John Malcolm four weeks after the Boston Tea Party. The men also poured hot tea down Malcolm's throat; note the noose hanging on the Liberty Tree and the Stamp Act posted upside-down.2019-07-02T13:44:03+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/09/12/overview-of-the-english-colonies/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/pennsylvania.pngPennsylvaniahttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/tobacco.pngtobaccoTobacco, primarily cultivated on large plantations by slave labor, was the staple crop of the Southern economy.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/quaker-beliefs.jpgQuaker Beliefshttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/triangle-trade1.pngtriangle-trade1The triangular trade. While slave labor was not widely practiced in New England, the region's merchants participated and profited off of the trade directly - transporting enslaved Africans into slavery in the Americas, and carrying the fruits of slave labor, such as tobacco and sugar, to to consumers outside of the American South.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/13colonies.jpeg13colonies2019-07-02T12:31:10+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/09/11/massachusetts-church-and-state-in-the-land-of-the-wampanoag/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/1200px-plimoth_plantation_fence.jpg1200px-Plimoth_Plantation_Fencehttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/village.jpgvillagehttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/philip_king_of_mount_hope_by_paul_revere.jpegPhilip_King_of_Mount_Hope_by_Paul_Revere"Philip. King of Mount Hope," a 1772 engraving of a caricature of King Philip by Paul Revere.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/roger_williams_and_narragansetts.jpgRoger_Williams_and_NarragansettsNarragansett Indians receiving Roger Williams.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/bridget-bishop-salem.pngBridget-Bishop-SalemAccused witch Bridget Bishop hanged at Salem.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/giles_corey_restored.jpgGiles_Corey_restoredGiles Corey (Sept. 19, 1692) being pressed with heavy stones for failing to enter a plea to the charge of being a witch during the Salem Witch Trials.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/harvard-college-in-1720.gifHarvard College in 1720Harvard College in 1720.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/john-winthrop.jpgJohn WinthropJohn Winthrop was one of the leading figures in founding the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the second major settlement in New England, following Plymouth Colony. Winthrop led the first large wave of immigrants from England in 1630 and served as governor for 12 of the colony's first 20 years. His writings and vision of the colony as a Puritan "city upon a hill" dominated New England colonial development, influencing the governments and religions of neighboring colonies.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/the-first-thanksgiving.jpgThe First ThanksgivingThe First Thanksgiving 1621, oil on canvas by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris (1899). The painting shows common misconceptions about the event that persist to modern times: Pilgrims did not wear such outfits, and the Wampanoag are dressed in the style of Native Americans from the Great Plains.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/massasoit-and-governor-john-carver-smoking-a-peace-pipe.jpgMassasoit and governor John Carver smoking a peace pipe.Massasoit and early Plymouth governor John Carver smoking a peace pipe.2019-07-02T12:15:31+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/09/18/the-revolutionary-war-with-a-little-help-from-our-friends/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/soldier_in_the_continental_army_from_1st_rhode_island_regiment.jpgSoldier_in_the_Continental_Army_from_1st_Rhode_Island_RegimentContinental soldiers at Yorktown; on the left, an African-American soldier of the 1st Rhode Island Regiment.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/valleyforge-vignette.jpgvalleyforge-vignettehttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/800px-benjamin_franklins_reception_at_the_court_of_france_1778.jpg800px-Benjamin_Franklin's_Reception_at_the_Court_of_France_1778Benjamin Franklin's reception at the Court of France in 1778.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/800px-surrender_of_lord_cornwallis.jpg800px-Surrender_of_Lord_CornwallisSurrender of Lord Cornwallis by John Trumbull, depicts the British surrendering to Benjamin Lincoln, flanked by French (left) and American troops. Oil on canvas, 1820.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/1024px-washington_crossing_the_delaware_by_emanuel_leutze_mma-nyc_1851.jpg1024px-Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze,_MMA-NYC,_1851Washington Crossing the Delaware commemorates General George Washington during his famous crossing of the Delaware River with the Continental Army on the night of December 25–26, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War. https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/a-reproduction-hut-at-valley-forge.jpgA reproduction hut at Valley ForgeA reproduction hut at Valley Forge.2019-07-02T09:02:19+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/09/16/the-french-and-indian-war/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/220px-benjamin_franklin_-_join_or_die1.jpg220px-Benjamin_Franklin_-_Join_or_DieJoin, or Die: This 1756 political cartoon by Benjamin Franklin urged the colonies to join together during the French and Indian War.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/hith-10-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-french-and-indian-war-2.jpghith-10-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-french-and-indian-war-2https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/treaty-of-paris.jpgTreaty of ParisNorth America after the Treaty of Paris in 1763.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/portrait-of-george-washington-by-charles-willson-peale-1772.jpgPortrait of George Washington by Charles Willson Peale, 1772Portrait of British Lieutenant George Washington by Charles Willson Peale, 1772https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/voyageurs-at-dawn-1871-by-frances-anne-hopkins-1838e280931919.jpgVoyageurs at Dawn, 1871 by Frances Anne Hopkins (1838–1919)Voyageurs at Dawn, 1871 by Frances Anne Hopkins. To many natives, French activity in North America often looked more like this, than like a full-scale attempt to remake the land in image of Europe.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/new-france-17542.pngNew France 1754European claims in 1748, on the eve of the French and Indian War.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/new-france-17541.pngNew France 1754European claim in 1754, on the eve of the French and Indian War.2019-07-02T08:59:11+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/09/12/servitude-and-slavery-in-colonial-virginia/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/slave-quarters-assessment-image.jpgslave quarters assessment imageEnslaved African-Americans near their quarters during the middle of the nineteenth century.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/f0bc610831260ad329c158421ca5999a.jpgf0bc610831260ad329c158421ca5999aWhile conditions varied across time and place, slave quarters were usually very simple.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/bilboe.pngbilboehttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/lossless-page1-800px-thomas-clarkson-de-kreet-der-afrikanen_mg_1315-tif.pnglossless-page1-800px-Thomas-Clarkson-De-kreet-der-Afrikanen_MG_1315.tifDiagram of a large slave ship. Thomas Clarkson: The cries of Africa to the inhabitants of Europe, 1822.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/byrd-plantation.jpgByrd-plantationhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/the-burning-of-jamestown-by-howard-pyle-c-1905.jpgThe Burning of Jamestown by Howard Pyle, c. 1905The Burning of Jamestown by Howard Pyle, c. 1905.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/slave-children.jpgslave childrenThe law developed in Virginia and later adopted in other colonies said that one's status as either slave or free derived from one's mother. This meant that both of the children depicted in this photo - from New Orleans in 1863 - were enslaved, despite the obvious European heritage of the girl on the right.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/jamestown-1619.jpegJamestown 1619https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/martins_best_virginia_tobacco_advertisement.jpgMartin's_Best_Virginia_tobacco_advertisementEnslaved Africans were not a hidden secret - they were included in the advertisements for tobacco.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/pennsylvania-gazette-11-25-1762-5-indentured-girls.jpgPennsylvania-Gazette-11-25-1762-5-indentured-girlsPennsylvania-Gazette, November 25, 1762.2019-07-02T08:56:05+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/09/09/jamestown-english-settlers-in-the-land-of-the-powhatan/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/1619-arrival-of-slaves.jpg1619-Arrival-of-SlavesAn artist's depiction of the arrival of the first African slaves in Jamestown, 1619.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/pocahontas_by_simon_van_de_passe_1616.jpgPocahontas_by_Simon_van_de_Passe_1616Portrait of Pocahontas, wearing a tall hat in the English style of the early 1600s.  After her baptism and marriage, her name was changed to Rebecca.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/350px-the_coronation_of_powhatan_john_gadsby_chapman.jpeg350px-The_Coronation_of_Powhatan_John_Gadsby_ChapmanThe Coronation of Powhatan, oil on canvas, John Gadsby Chapman, 1835.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/800px-pocahontas-saves-smith-ne-chromo-1870.jpeg800px-Pocahontas-saves-Smith-NE-Chromo-1870In this chromolithograph credited to the New England Chromo. Lith. Company, around 1870, Pocahontas saves the life of John Smith. The scene is idealized and relies on stereotypes of Native Americans rather than reliable information about the particulars of this historical moment. There are no mountains in Tidewater Virginia, for example, and the Powhatans lived not in tipis but in thatched houses. And the scene that Smith famously described in his Generall Historie (1624) did not take place outdoors but in a longhouse.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/john-smith-9486928-1-402.jpgjohn-smith-9486928-1-402Captain John Smith led a colorful life, even if his biography sometimes exaggerated his adventures.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/jtown1607natamer.pngjtown1607natamerhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/800px-jamestownsettlement.jpg800px-JamestownsettlementReconstructed Powhatan village at the Jamestown Settlement living-history museum.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/powhatan_john_smith_map.jpgPowhatan_john_smith_mapPowhatan in a longhouse at Werowocomoco (detail of John Smith map, 1612).https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/jamestown-diagram.jpgJamestown Diagramhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/marsh_-_colonial_national_historical_park_robin_baranowski_nps_photo_8426448355.jpgMarsh_-_Colonial_National_Historical_Park_(Robin_Baranowski,_NPS_Photo)_(8426448355)Salt marshes along Jamestown Island. The ample wetlands on the island proved to be a breeding ground for mosquitoes.2019-07-02T08:45:12+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2019/04/30/rules-for-plantation-management-1853/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/picking-cotton-near-montgomery-alabama-1860-library-of-congress.jpgPicking-cotton-near-Montgomery-Alabama-1860-Library-of-Congress2019-04-30T23:26:57+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/10/10/who-should-replace-andrew-jackson-on-the-20-bill/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/vzdop9t.jpgvZdOP9Thttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/kiss-20-dollar.jpgKISS-20-Dollar2019-04-30T11:54:19+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/06/25/sejong-the-great/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/7cd484d6f6438b31beebdaf9b090eb9a.gifhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/f3f2b042c79d96ed940933f90c0ff48a.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/e1675eabaf29ebd7caefd9d4f06c44ca.jpgConfucius.Confucius.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/bc0ef737247d1c7476404c46708c2b4d.gifConfucian Scholar and Pupils, Joseon KoreaConfucian Scholar and Pupils, Joseon Korea.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/691929b387425b60300439af54074b90.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/4765ced3b1d12f3406b3fd70dabfffdf.jpgRoyal procession of King Sejong the Great.Royal procession of King Sejong the Great.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/419ce59419fd1425ff2425d63fdd37a0.jpgJiphyeonjeon (Hall of Worthies), also known as the Jade Hall, a royal research institute next to his palace in modern day Seoul. Jiphyeonjeon (Hall of Worthies), also known as the Jade Hall, a royal research institute next to his palace in modern day Seoul.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/188af931ef478ef6aea7d1f7fb843e6a.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/55c8b895c7d7dfe4bd04596dac2085a7.jpgKing Sejong statue in downtown Seoul.King Sejong statue in downtown Seoul.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/5db49d1978a18e4991ef3acb9352816f.jpgSouth Korean 10000 Won note featuring King Sejong.South Korean 10000 Won note featuring King Sejong.2019-04-28T11:51:52+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2019/04/22/climate-change-in-the-classrooms/2019-04-22T18:30:42+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2019/04/19/environmental-social-studies/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/whale-shark.jpgDCIM145GOPRODCIM145GOPRO2019-04-19T16:53:57+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/04/18/reform-and-resistance-the-cuban-revolution-part-ii/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/cuban-achievements.jpgCuban Achievementshttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/infographic-cuba-education.jpgInfographic Cuba Education(Click to enlarge.)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/castro-in-new-york-1959.jpgCastro in New York, 1959Fidel Castro with schoolchildren in New York, 1959.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/bloque.jpgEl Bloque"El genocidio mas largo de la historia,” which means “The longest genocide in history.” Propaganda billboard criticizing the U.S. blockade against Cuba, near Havana University campus, 2017.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/the-cuban-missile-crisis.jpgThe-Cuban-Missile-Crisishttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/soviet-missile.jpgSoviet MissileDeactivated SS-4 Sandal (R-12), one of the Soviet missiles deployed to Cuba in 1962, Cabaña Fortress. (Havana, Cuba, 2017.)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/castros-tank.jpgCastro's tankDuring the battle, Fidel Castro himself is said to have fired on an American support vessel from this tank, which as of 2017 is parked in front of the Museum of the Revolution in Havana, Cuba.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/captured-invaders.jpgCaptured InvadersDefeated insurgents, captured in the aftermath of the failed landing.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/cuban-missile-crisis-infographic.jpgCuban Missile Crisis InfographicOctober 22, 2012 -- Fifty years ago, in October 1962, the world hovered on the brink of nuclear war with the United States and the Soviet Union locked in a standoff at the height of the Cold War. The crisis lasted 13 days before the Soviet Union backed down and withdrew missiles from Cuba in return for a U.S. pledge not to invade the Caribbean island and a secret deal to dismantle American missiles in Turkey. Graphic shows timeline of the Cuban Missile Crisis.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/nikita-khrushchev-with-fidel-castro.jpegnikita-khrushchev-with-fidel-castro2019-02-24T13:05:40+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/10/10/build-your-own-american-system/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/products-before-the-civil-war-e1547660128105.pngproducts before the civil warhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/oldcocanalatgeorgetown-large.jpgOldC&OCanalAtGeorgetown-LARGEhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/erie-canal.jpgErie-Canalhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/state-outlines-fresh-united-states-america-usa-free-maps-blank-in-us-map-of-random-2-in-free-blank-us-map-state-outlines.jpgstate outlines Fresh United States America USA Free Maps Blank In Us Map Statestate outlines Fresh United States America USA Free Maps Blank In Us Map State2019-01-16T17:58:34+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/12/05/the-real-oregon-trail/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/oregon-trail-feature.pngoregon-trail-feature2018-12-13T13:05:51+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/10/09/how-i-spent-my-voyage-of-discovery/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/lewis-and-clark.jpglewis and clarkhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/barterbluebeads.jpgbarterbluebeadshttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/1024px-carte_lewis_and_clark_expedition.png1024px-Carte_Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition2018-12-13T12:58:23+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/12/10/compromise-of-1850-political-action-committee/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/1277px-henry_clay_senate3.jpg1277px-Henry_Clay_Senate32018-12-10T16:05:12+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/10/10/can-we-and-should-we-compare-the-lives-of-factory-workers-to-those-of-the-enslaved/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/lowell-mill-restored-3000-3x2gty-56d4be9a5f9b5879cc91b944.jpgLowell-mill-restored-3000-3x2gty-56d4be9a5f9b5879cc91b944https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/duocc3x.pngDuocc3X2018-12-10T13:17:38+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/11/28/the-ancient-maya-in-time-and-space/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/long_count.jpglong_countThe Calendar Round can be thought of as gears. The inner gear represents the 13 day numbered cycle in the tzolk’in, the middle gear are the named days of the tzolk’in, and the largest gear on the right represented the days and months of the haab’.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/mayan-calendar-wheel.gifmayan-calendar-wheelThe Calendar Round can be thought of as gears.  The inner gear represents the 13 day numbered cycle in the tzolk'in, the middle gear are the named days of the tzolk'in, and the largest gear on the right represented the days and months of the haab'.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/maya-sacrfice.jpgmaya sacrficeClassic period Maya vessel with a scene of human sacrifice.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/f26b9-500px-maya_cosmos_w_captions5b15d.jpgf26b9-500px-maya_cosmos_w_captions5b15dhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/img_0666.jpgIMG_0666https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/turtle.jpgturtleA limestone turtle from the city of Uxmal, perhaps evocative of the turtle that the Maya envisioned as carrying the earth upon her shell. https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ek-balam.jpgek balamAfter his death, the Ukit Kan Le'k Tok' - Ajaw (King) of the Maya city of Ek Balam was placed inside this gaping jaguar's maw some forty feet up the side of a great pyramid which overlooked his kingdom. He was accompanied by rich offerings and human sacrifices. The entire building was sealed and covered with sascab (powdered limestone) and stones, so carefully that the stucco facade was preserved intact, such that no restoration was required when it was uncovered in 20th century.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/itzamna.jpgItzamnaItzamna as shown in the classic period.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/itzamna-glyph.jpgItzamna GlyphA Classic Period glyph with a representation of Itzamna with the body of a bird.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ballgame.jpgballgameEngraving in the great ball court at Chichen Itza depicting sacrifice by decapitation. On the bottom left, note the severed head of the figure on right. His torso spouts blood in the form of serpents from his neck.2018-12-07T17:21:05+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/12/04/how-to-teach-like-a-traveler/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/img_2814.jpgIMG_28142018-12-04T11:52:45+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/08/03/the-inca/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/img_92821.jpgIMG_9282https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/img_6658.jpgIMG_6658Guinea pigs intended for consumption, rural home, Peru, 2016. https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/872049017.jpg872049017https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/dasdsgsf.pngdasdsgsfThe mita system.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/img_6584.jpgIMG_6584Coca chewing may originally have been limited to the eastern Andes before its introduction to the Inca. As the plant was viewed as having a divine origin, its cultivation became subject to a state monopoly and its use restricted to nobles and a few favored classes (court orators, couriers, favored public workers, and the army) by the rule of the Topa Inca (1471–1493). As the Incan empire declined, the leaf became more widely available.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/img_6600.jpgIMG_6600Inca club heads, museum, Cusco, 2016.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/img_6599.jpgIMG_6599Inca bola, museum, Cusco, 2016.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/7382317.jpg7382317Depiction of Spanish conquistador, Francisco Pizarro, moments before pulling Inca emperor Atahualpa off the throne at Cajamarca, Peru, 16 November 1532.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/800px-cajamarca_cuartorescate_atahualpa_lou.jpg800px-Cajamarca_Cuartorescate_Atahualpa_louThe so-called ransom room, located in Cajamarca, Peru.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/webincapachacuti1.jpgwebIncaPachacuti1Pachacuti was the ninth Sapa Inca (1438–1471/1472) of the Kingdom of Cusco which he transformed into the Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu). In Quechua, Pachakutiq means "he who overturns space and time." He began an era of conquest that, within three generations, expanded the Inca dominion from the valley of Cusco to nearly the whole of western South America. Most archaeologists now believe that the famous Inca site of Machu Picchu was built as an estate for Pachacuti.2018-11-07T15:52:18+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/10/09/american-revolutionary-war-screenplay/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/deborahsampson.jpgDeborahSampsonEngraved portrait of Deborah Sampson, female American Revolutionary War soldier.2018-10-23T16:28:18+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/11/22/november-22-2016-haram-in-qatar-or-how-i-learned-not-to-cast-the-first-stone/2018-10-12T12:27:13+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/07/01/teach-in-bahrain-qatar-and-the-united-arab-emirates-travel-writing-november-2016/2018-10-12T12:14:02+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/07/27/july-27-2016-new-horizons-in-south-america-and-beyond/2018-10-12T12:08:22+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/07/01/new-horizons-in-peru-and-bolivia-travel-writing-july-2016/2018-10-12T12:01:54+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/10/09/why-did-the-colonists-declare-independence-childrens-book/2018-10-10T12:57:05+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/10/09/massachusetts-bay-comix/2018-10-10T12:56:43+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/09/14/virginia-laws-of-servitude-and-slavery-1643-1691/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3-tobacco-plantation-granger.jpg3-tobacco-plantation-grangerhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/va-lib-tobac-farm-illus.jpgva-lib-tobac-farm-illushttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/virginian-luxuries-1810.jpgvirginian-luxuries-18102018-10-10T12:56:18+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/09/14/new-world-travel-infomercial/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/1-plymouth_rock_landing.jpgPlymouth Rock: Landing Painting; Plymouth Rock: Landing Art Print for salePlymouth Rock: Landing Painting; Plymouth Rock: Landing Art Print for sale2018-10-10T12:55:52+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/05/21/victory-day-how-the-soviet-union-beat-the-nazis-and-why-you-didnt-know-it/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2017-05-07-21-55-081.jpg2017-05-07 21.55.08https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2017-05-09-15-36-24.jpg2017-05-09 15.36.24Soviet style decorations, Red Square, Moscow, 2017.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2017-05-09-15-31-41.jpg2017-05-09 15.31.41Soviet style decorations, Red Square, Moscow, 2017.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2017-05-09-13-47-02.jpg2017-05-09 13.47.02Following the official parade comes the semi-official March of the Immortal Regiment. In 2017, over 800,000 Russians and foreign attendees marched through central Moscow in commemoration of those who perished and those who survived World War II. Marchers typically carry photos of those who served in the Great Patriotic War against Germany, sing patriotic songs, and pass through Red Square in an emotional display.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2017-05-09-10-47-35.jpg2017-05-09 10.47.35Military parade, Victory Day 2017.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2017-05-08-15-56-35.jpg2017-05-08 15.56.35Patriotic Banner featuring the Ribbon of St. George, Moscow Metro, Victory Day 2017.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2017-05-09-10-38-16.jpg2017-05-09 10.38.16A child waves the Soviet style flag during the Victory Day military parade, 2017.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2017-05-08-15-56-31.jpg2017-05-08 15.56.31Patriotic Banner featuring the Ribbon of St. George, Moscow Metro, Victory Day 2017.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2017-05-07-21-55-08.jpg2017-05-07 21.55.08Soviet style banner in front of the State Historical Museum, Moscow, Victory Day 2017.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2017-05-09-15-44-56.jpg2017-05-09 15.44.56A replica banner of the 150th Rifle Division, who stormed and captured the Reichstag in 1945. Photo taken in Moscow on Victory Day, 2017.2018-10-02T14:40:15+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/07/01/the-great-tokyo-air-raid/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/b-29.jpgb-29https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/liberty.jpglibertyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/2018-06-27-16-37-10.jpg2018-06-27 16.37.102018-09-03T21:09:49+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/02/04/a-different-kind-of-social-studies/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/empathy-in-action-bingo1.jpgempathy in action bingoEmpathy in Action Bingo by Ms. Caroline Foster, rock star educator (Right Click to Save)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/img_2338.jpgimg_2338https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/screen-shot-2017-01-31-at-6-17-50-pm.pngscreen-shot-2017-01-31-at-6-17-50-pmhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/screen-shot-2017-01-31-at-6-05-21-pm.pngscreen-shot-2017-01-31-at-6-05-21-pmhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/16427718_10154952580671672_2511979324903965712_n1.jpg16427718_10154952580671672_2511979324903965712_n12018-09-03T21:06:08+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/about/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/how-to-use-this-site.jpghow to use this sitehttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/img_0706.jpgIMG_0706https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/img_0528.jpgIMG_05282018-09-03T20:56:22+00:00weekly0.6https://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/09/03/ideas-for-teaching-about-nicaragua/2018-09-03T19:51:53+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/12/27/educational-films/2018-08-24T15:02:43+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/08/12/the-goal-of-capitalism-soviet-anti-american-propaganda/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/img_5973_w.jpgIMG_5973_W2018-08-18T17:32:22+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/05/26/victory-day-in-russia/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/img_8802.jpgIMG_8802https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/img_9099.jpgIMG_90992018-08-12T22:55:50+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/02/20/want-to-be-a-better-person-travel-can-make-it-happen/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/travel.jpgtravelhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/img_0212.jpgIMG_02122018-08-10T13:54:01+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/07/19/a-note-from-the-editor/2018-08-08T02:18:34+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/07/09/mesoamerica-cradle-of-civilization-in-the-new-world/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/mesoamerica-header.jpgmesoamerica header2018-08-06T00:39:44+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/08/05/the-birth-of-huitzilopochtli-and-the-mexica-world/2018-08-06T00:37:12+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/08/25/theamazon/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/img_09663.jpgIMG_0966https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/img_09662.jpgIMG_0966https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/40c0058513722fe4c157f83c593944e4397e9cc3.gif40c0058513722fe4c157f83c593944e4397e9cc3https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/imgres.jpgimgresThe peach palm trees so abundant in certain parts of the Amazon are seen as evidence of human cultivation - ancient orchards left to the wild in the relatively chaotic period since the arrival Europeans in the 1500s.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/4-terra-preta-biochar-soils-of-the-amazon-1024x768.jpg4-Terra-Preta-biochar-soils-of-the-Amazon-1024x768https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/geoglyph-ancient-civilization-amazon-2.jpgGeoglyph-Ancient-civilization-Amazon-2Geoglyphs on deforested land in the Amazon rainforest. These massive structures, man-made geometric figures constructed from dirt and ceramics, were unknown until the 21st century. They are evidence of advanced ancient civilizations in the Amazon Basin, far more sophisticated and organized than ever thought possible - after all, small villages of subsistence farmers cannot construct anything on so grand a scale.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/20110610_095343_marajo3.jpg20110610_095343_marajo3Ornately decorated ceramics from the Marajo civilization demonstrate the complexity and prosperity of the ancient Amazon. How were these ancient people able to thrive in the Amazon Basin?https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/1679-6225-ni-11-04-00739-gf10.jpg1679-6225-ni-11-04-00739-gf10https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/img_0766-pano.jpgIMG_0766-PANOhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/banner-amazon-1-of-1-750x400.jpgbanner.amazon-1-of-1-750x400Yamomoni tribesman fishing.2018-08-04T14:35:30+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/04/18/the-duty-of-the-hour-the-cuban-revolution-part-i/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/four-che-faces.jpgFour Che FacesGuerrillero Heroico (English: "Heroic Guerrilla Fighter") is an iconic photograph of Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara taken by Alberto Korda. It was captured on March 5, 1960, in Havana, Cuba. Versions of it have been painted, printed, digitized, embroidered, tattooed, silk-screened, sculpted or sketched on nearly every surface imaginable.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/castro-at-bat.jpgCastro at Bathttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/castro-enters-havana-1959.gifCastro enters Havana, 1959.Castro enters Havana, 1959.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/the-cuban-revolution-fidel-castro-right-and-che-guevara-center.jpgThe Cuban Revolution. Fidel Castro (Right) And Che Guevara (Center)The Cuban Revolution was fought through strikes and protest in urban areas and guerrilla warfare in the countryside. Fidel Castro (Right) and Che Guevara (Center) grew their iconic beards during this period of rough living in the Sierra Maestra mountains of Cuba.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/granma.jpgGranmaThe yacht Granma.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/granma-route.pngGranma routeThe route of the Granma.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/granma-memorial-havana-cuba-2017.jpgGranma Memorial, Havana, Cuba, 2017.This purpose-built memorial houses the Granma, as symbol of the Cuban Revolution. (Havana, Cuba, 2017.)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/camilo-cienfuegos-and-che-guevara.jpgCamilo Cienfuegos and Che GuevaraRevolutionary icons Camilo Cienfuegos and Che Guevara grace the faces of two government offices. (Havana, Cuba, 2017.)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/camilo-cienfuegos-and-che-guevara.jpegCamilo Cienfuegos and Che GuevaraThis August 1959 photo shows Cuban revolutionary legends Comandante Camilo Cienfuegos (L) and Comandante Ernesto Che Guevara in Havana. Camilo died in a plane crash 28 October 1959 during a military mission and Guevara was executed in Bolivia 08 October 1967. https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/fidel-castro.jpegFidel CastroFidel Castro, Prime Minister of Cuba, smokes a cigar during his meeting with two U.S. senators, the first to visit Castro's Cuba, in Havana, Cuba, Sept. 29, 1974. (AP Photo)2018-08-04T14:33:54+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/07/01/the-gulf-states-cosmopolitan-crossroads/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/img_3684.jpgIMG_3684https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/islam-society-textbook.jpgISLAM SOCIETY TEXTBOOKhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/islam-textbook.jpgISLAM TEXTBOOKhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/gulf-header.jpggulf header2018-07-28T16:45:42+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/support/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/support.jpgsupporthttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/donate.jpgdonate2018-07-26T17:50:20+00:00weekly0.6https://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/06/24/the-sandinistas/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/sandinistas2.jpgsandinistashttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/sandinistas1.jpgsandinistashttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/dfec71ede3202ae1aff327122a5d4637.jpgRevelations of U.S. involvement with Contras spawned widespread protest in the States and stubborn refusals to negotiate on the part of Sandinista leaders.Revelations of U.S. involvement with Contras spawned widespread protest in the States and stubborn refusals to negotiate on the part of Sandinista leaders.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ddc96a81193211b903812ee1545b7ef1.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/d5d18f10e9c55392454e04ce0aef1ed4.jpgNational Assembly of Nicaragua.National Assembly of Nicaragua.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/cocain1.jpgCrack cocaine sold in the U.S. to fund the ContrasCrack cocaine sold in the U.S. to fund the Contras.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/c66bf74bdbba76030f62e18ee3284a20.jpgU.S. President Ronald Reagan.U.S. President Ronald Reagan.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/adc88e2278624e526a81823cbcaf9aa6.jpgNicaragua remained one of the poorest countries in the hemisphere.Despite Sandinista efforts toward reform, Nicaragua remained one of the poorest countries in the hemisphere.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/aae5bf66d054aa01d2668a2f8ff5174b.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/3161ba04e47b177cca23395be96e4cb9.jpgSandinista National Liberation Front.2018-07-23T18:27:21+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/04/29/what-is-communism/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/img_06451.jpgIMG_06452018-07-16T23:34:03+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/06/04/who-caused-the-cold-war/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/cold-war1.pngcold warhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/cold-war.pngcold war2018-07-16T23:24:08+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/06/24/a-basic-history-of-nicaragua/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/img_5478.jpgIMG_5478https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/img_5884.jpgSecondhand school buses from the United States make up a large portion of Nicaragua's public transportation infrastructure.Secondhand school buses from the United States make up a large portion of Nicaragua's public transportation infrastructure.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/hispaniola_slaves01_full.jpgSpanish conquistador taking native slaves.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/fb94996345aed15399f54d9ee7f1dd08.jpgNicaraguan Cordobas.Nicaraguan Cordobas.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/f26fb96761abe98c3b5c534ee2d8b031.jpgLake Nicaragua with the volcano Mombacho in the distance.Lake Nicaragua with the volcano Mombacho in the distance.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/dc95942e09febdb1666addd91f9e586f.pngCurrent exports of NicaraguaCurrent exports of Nicaragua.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/d054da4442fbd2d304278aa27e46df67.jpgLuis Somoza Debayle with FDR.Luis Somoza Debayle with FDR.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/cfe873a46321b64493da345037961b67.jpgOmetepe villageOmetepe villagehttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/c143e51433c2ce756454a3fdaad25f10.jpgVioleta Chamorro in 1990 became the first female president democratically elected in the Americas.Violeta Chamorro in 1990 became the first female president democratically elected in the Americas.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/bba87229fb38027448bd034770eb3acb.jpgFrancisco CordobaFrancisco Cordoba2018-07-16T02:31:01+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/06/24/augusto-sandino-national-hero/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/f6091ddeab92a0c0108d9977214583cc.jpgThe New York Times, January 1928The New York Times, January 1928.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/20377b814bbc58996722ecc85ad279c2.jpg20377b814bbc58996722ecc85ad279c2https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/3469f350e3d6ea503e81f3fc350ff54d.jpgAnastasio Somoza GarciaAnastasio Somoza Garcia.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/145b5e05478ab429afb3eb1800d39ffa.jpg145b5e05478ab429afb3eb1800d39ffahttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/91e46170197e149f742934b7f7f6d9d7.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/84f57d2baac5f68828ecf99635eae8fa.pngSandino's signature.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/9da9a1f7d472807ce709d5e7cfc66e91.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/8e1a43c47625eebd1fde6bc2c4e4037a.jpgBenjamin Zeledon.Benjamin Zeledon.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/dfea34157aac3dfe14d982d5753dfd12.jpegAugusto Sandino.Augusto Sandino.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ddc3bc1e7ae1921ed36584c855d7a5ff.jpgSandino's 59-foot silhouette at Tiscapa Lagoon in Managua is instantly recognizable by his emblematic broad-brimmed hat.Sandino's 59-foot silhouette at Tiscapa Lagoon in Managua is instantly recognizable by his emblematic broad-brimmed hat.2018-07-15T22:01:17+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/06/24/william-walker-the-grey-eyed-man-of-destiny/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/f403ef05c4e57235f7d2e8f307258aa8.pngFlag of Walker's NicaraguaFlag of Walker's Nicaragua.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ac693419441c8ba603a41a7c9dc203c5.pngFlag of the Republic of Lower California.Flag of the Republic of Lower California.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/42924dec2449b884ae479d2662171085.jpgWalker's Immortals between campaigns.Walker's Immortals between campaigns.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/704e8e271d1b7b228f4c1e80b8b05f9c.jpg704e8e271d1b7b228f4c1e80b8b05f9chttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/66e47b39c555e1204ba624c51ffabc0d.jpgThis was far from the last time that the United States intervened in the affairs of Central America - or even in those of Nicaragua.This was far from the last time that the United States intervened in the affairs of Central America - or even in those of Nicaragua. (click to enlarge)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/44e6def5f5a997139d6e070a269be548.jpgThe Second Battle of RivasThe Second Battle of Rivas.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/27e2b9a1f6320b75a88fa33f51b1a991.jpgWilliam Walker.William Walker, the Grey-Eyed Man of Destiny. https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/25e0d5f103b22a2b2057ccbc9fae0f19.jpgWilliam Walker.William Walker.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/19cc429574e3242cb6218308156a23c9.jpgIglesia Guadeloupe, a Catholic Church in Granada, originally built in 1624 still bears the scars of the 1856 fire set by Walker's men as they abandoned the city. It was one of the few structures left standing in the wake of his destruction.Iglesia Guadeloupe, a Catholic Church in Granada, originally built in 1624 still bears the scars of the 1856 fire set by Walker's men as they abandoned the city. It was one of the few structures left standing in the wake of his destruction.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/15af905b107e7eb7abe1481fa4276c65.jpgThe Execution of William WalkerThe Execution of William Walker.2018-07-15T20:08:58+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/11/28/the-written-language-of-the-maya/2018-07-15T02:40:40+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/11/28/ancient-maya-society-2/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/97438-gtb-map-maya-trade-belize-www-guidetobelize-info.jpg97438-gtb-map-maya-trade-belize-www-guidetobelize-infohttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/img_7777.jpgIMG_7777https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/cocao.jpgcocaoChocolate beverages were popular among the ancient Mayas, who used special recipients to serve it. They often consumed it cold, hot, or spiced with chili, annatto, or vanilla. The inscription on this vessel records its function for drinking a specific type of cacao, and the name and place of residence of its owner, Tzakal u K'ahk' Hutal Ek', lord of Acanceh. https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/writing-header.jpgwriting header2018-07-15T02:21:14+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/11/28/the-basics-of-ancient-maya-civilization/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/img_7942.jpgIMG_7942https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/maya.jpgmaya2018-07-15T02:09:08+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/11/28/the-maya-illuminated-offspring-of-the-makers/2018-07-15T02:06:34+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/06/25/foot-binding-and-the-standard-of-beauty/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/b0793ffbf3d8594676bdd561bd97123c.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/a5dcc0d1d75977af83c0fdc5653335c3.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/3263a69d749066c5d2dbaebcc056d7cf.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/844ca5f49fffec216815db635e3592b1.jpgAdvertisement for sun protective gear targeting Asian women.Advertisement for sun protective gear targeting Asian women.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/089b232e29efb54afa25382778f7dc06.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/70bde982349ce38aeadf9de20e0309d8.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/5efc166506e713ad6ebedf98ef6a4efe.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/0c6a72f708cb2499c331f216a5193b5f.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/0ab4598d9ae2edfa6d9f7a78949b771a.jpg0ab4598d9ae2edfa6d9f7a78949b771ahttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/dbacb5c7f9750bd742db7011d9f909ac.jpgAdvertisement for whitening cream, a popular product for Chinese women.Advertisement for whitening cream, a popular product for Chinese women.2018-07-14T17:19:52+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/06/25/the-silk-road-international-trade-and-global-prosperity/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/367354731956181923ad3746087e4d2c.pngThe Spread of BuddhismThe Spread of Buddhism followed trade routes in the centuries after its foundation in India.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/51842b1ee68f541e9ac436a0f50c9fff.jpg51842b1ee68f541e9ac436a0f50c9fffhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/10749e6161b4c00895674b582ead4c7e.jpgStatue of a Foreign Merchant, Tang DynastyStatue of a Foreign Merchant, Tang Dynasty.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/895fe7951accd2b2b75a0567c138902e.jpgModern street market in Xian, the traditional Chinese terminus of Silk Road TradeModern street market in Xian, the traditional Chinese terminus of Silk Road Trade.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/544ccd10eef7a3fa5d4d6dee2079ea53.pnghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/352e1c544870f795cb908ebfd6584566.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/9c63d7179afeaa558f1e4f0452cae692.jpgCourt Ladies of the Tang Dynasty Producing SilkCourt Ladies of the Tang Dynasty Producing Silk.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/5fb8e7562e70c9bc56d9b854c30f6fe8.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/f04a05c5755631bb1d65377a075a8c1f.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/cea7bb395d19f03c84c4b27caf87fecb.jpgCaravanserai were roadside inns instrumental to the spread of culture and religions such as Buddhism and Islam along the Silk RoadCaravanserai were roadside inns instrumental to the spread of culture and religions such as Buddhism and Islam along the Silk Road.2018-07-14T17:19:01+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/06/25/the-terracotta-army-of-qin-shi-huang-and-the-projection-of-power/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/warriors.jpgwarriorshttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/4e041341b337d17ab8f8371a995230fc.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2fcab61d798b1b5e1e0bf013224fb745.jpg2fcab61d798b1b5e1e0bf013224fb745https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/1b97f9eeb4c3573a46e1752b57dd0226.pnghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/0e79989138a341ef52681a8ca2fa988b.jpg(Click to expand)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/fe5945f76b67a5c7ba7438611df91db5.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/f0610a9b531a0ce035d5ec5917cdee71.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/f0577f828e6a27c0e0f2f3357144a8ea.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/eb18d4af28b02604bf5ca3b65bf1969a.jpgQin Shi Huangdihttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/e42d24accc2025d5a595d05ab7a18918.jpg2018-07-14T17:17:05+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/06/25/admiral-yi-sun-sin/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2ba45462a50cbaf0441d74040f3de98a.png23 Battles of Yi23 Battles of Yihttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/d4f7037f4f5acbcdc6ebcdfc9497f13b.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/cf92cd454ac2bccab3e9b1ebeee7d6a4.jpgToyotomi HideyoshiToyotomi Hideyoshihttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ba4c60694d761f6a36aa2764e53d4d49.jpgAdmiral Yi, Gwanghwamun Square, SeoulAdmiral Yi, Gwanghwamun Square, Seoul.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/a629d0cf959b50a661267525c9e26396.jpgTurtle ship in action.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/26083560fb6a0661de069526a46f95e1.pnghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/1892fd8c8b6ed074fd054c2d8c3cf22b.jpgThe Japanese Invasion of BusanThe Japanese Invasion of Busan.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/98aabd9ae1c0143a03a0a292c50038ca.pnghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/31b5b4b1c8d99c8fd25f97849927e417.jpgContemporary Portrait of Yi.Contemporary Portrait of Yi.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/05bceae8c8de1b46e03de59793f21725.jpgFigurehead of a Turtle ShipFigurehead of a Turtle Ship. Turtle ships were mostly used to spearhead attacks. They were best used in tight areas and around islands rather than the open sea.2018-07-14T17:04:07+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/06/25/pungsu-the-art-of-korean-geomancy/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/e909aaeff6ff5368d75ab8676e45b987.jpgKorean trigrams, representing the relationships that govern pungsu.Korean trigrams, representing the relationships that govern pungsu.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/b3ee96d31ce1876e5f80e65d007297b1.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/5082847404ea7a7f9acc25f62055e523.jpgFlag of South Korea.Flag of South Korea.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/4591d4d3fe08e191df31e6367cc8558d.jpgExtensive burial site constructed according to the principles of pungsu.Extensive burial site constructed according to the principles of pungsu.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/881b6eb4639133f36579393f3284d442.jpgYangdong Village. Yangdong Village.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/374c7acd34ce1ff218c3f6df195cda4b.gifFire and water, sun and moon.Fire and water, sun and moon.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/69be01d25e4f2852ca81666ef02a9e04.jpgRoyal Tombs at Gyeongju.Royal Tombs at Gyeongju.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/64b5d0021e2df1578fe5862409749af0.jpg64b5d0021e2df1578fe5862409749af0https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/9a0f102bf62bd49d2b68497558790526.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/3f7e1e59eacd5ccb60b3edf35b04163c.pngSamtaegeuk, a traditional Korean symbol reflecting the balance of pungsu.Samtaegeuk, a traditional Korean symbol reflecting the balance of pungsu.2018-07-14T15:27:33+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/06/25/korean-history-the-basics/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/c4623bb27234d62b4ca9a1e302fed970.pnghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ed690f776f6ae0a83e002be075ae2918.pnged690f776f6ae0a83e002be075ae2918https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/e58301d09ad6af4136ca759fb84bae95.jpgGold Crown of the Silla QueenGold Crown of the Silla Queen. This crown was found in the tomb of a Silla queen and stands nearly a foot tall. The crown is known for its abundant use of jade, obtained in trade from China. (Gyeongju, South Korea, 2015.)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/dbfd8868fb461b7eae826f5a8f636ffe.pngThe three kingdoms of ancient Korea.The three kingdoms of ancient Korea.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/d08be02d3a23f7972ee8b91a42050c23.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ce3548dcf745ddc568cbd3ba535ff6f6.jpgCeladon Ceramics.Celadon Ceramics. Some of the world's most coveted and admired masterpieces of ceramics art were produced in Korea during the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties. Traditional Korean celadon ware has distinctive decorative elements. The most distinctive are decorated by overlaying glaze on contrasting clay bodies. With inlaid designs, known as "Sanggam" in Korean, small pieces of colored clay are inlaid in the base clay. Carved or slip-carved designs require layers of a different colored clay adhered to the base clay of the piece. The layers are then carved away to reveal the varying colors.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ac9df3f8b6f7b1a39514f6bdfa2ce796.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/a5f8f4adc23189e3ed4367855108b4d6.jpgBunhwangsa (literally "Fragrant Emperor Temple") is a Buddhist temple complex from the Old Silla era of Korea. It is located in Gyeongju. The temple is recorded to have been built in 634 under the auspices of Queen Seondeok.Bunhwangsa (literally "Fragrant Emperor Temple") is a Buddhist temple complex from the Old Silla era of Korea. It is located in Gyeongju. The temple is recorded to have been built in 634 under the auspices of Queen Seondeok. (Gyeongju, South Korea, 2015.)https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/7777b468bbd4e63bf6e2f591b478e330.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2653d39c7e0038a089eaf3344dc4aece.jpg2653d39c7e0038a089eaf3344dc4aece2018-07-14T15:16:04+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/07/28/trading-card-propaganda-winning-over-the-children-of-the-revolution/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/img_5259.jpgIMG_5259https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/img_5256.jpgIMG_5256https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/img_4293.jpgIMG_4293https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/img_4292.jpgIMG_4292https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/img_4291.jpgIMG_4291https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/img_4112.jpgIMG_4112https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/page-12.jpgPage 12Cards depicting Castro's triumphal entrance into Havana and the subsequent execution of those who collaborated with the now overthrown Batista government.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/page-8.jpgPage 8Cards depicting the guerrilla phase of the revolution, frequently mythologized by the Castro government for the primitive jungle conditions under which Castro and his men fought.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/page-4.jpgPage 4Cards depicting the landing of the Granma.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/page-6.jpgPage 6Most of the more than 200 trading cards told the story of the Cuban Revolution. Other cards depicted the leaders and heroes of the revolution, as only a year before a similar set of cards might have featured popular baseball players.2018-07-13T22:39:24+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/06/24/the-khmer-rouge-genocide-in-the-name-of-utopia/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/img_0865.jpgFreshly uncovered bones, cataloged and prepared for internment within the stupa, 2014Freshly uncovered bones, cataloged and prepared for internment within the stupa, 2014https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/img_0906.jpgOfferings on a tree used for execution of children and babies, 2014Offerings in memory of the children and babies who were executed by being swung against this tree, 2014.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/img_0886.jpgChoeung Ek is now an interpretive museum and memorial.Choeung Ek is now an interpretive museum and memorial.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/img_0890.jpgHuman bones uncovered after heavy rain, Choeung Ek, 2014Human bones uncovered after heavy rain, Choeung Ek, 2014.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/img_0889.jpgMass graves at Choeung Ek, 2014Mass graves at Choeung Ek, 2014https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/img_0939.jpgBarbed wire on the perimeter of Tuol SlengBarbed wire on the perimeter of Tuol Sleng.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/img_0952.jpgGallows used for water torture. Prisoners were suspended upside down with heads periodically dipped into the pots of fetid water below.Gallows used for water torture. Prisoners were suspended upside down with heads periodically dipped into the pots of fetid water below.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/img_0942.jpgIMG_0942https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/map-cambodia-khmer-rouge-1980s.jpgThe Khmer Rouge continued to control portions of Cambodia well into the 1990s.The Khmer Rouge continued to control portions of Cambodia well into the 1990s.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/khmer_rouge_07.jpgForced labor camp in Kampong Cham, Cambodia.Forced labor camp in Kampong Cham, Cambodia.2018-07-13T13:05:17+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/06/24/angkor-and-the-khmer-empire-splendor-and-ruin/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/img_1289.jpgBayonhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/http-2f2fstatic-thousandwonders-net2fangkor-wat-original-853.jpgAngkor Wat.Angkor Wat.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/88d15083d0ee3cb37db1cabb7f1c2f5e.png88d15083d0ee3cb37db1cabb7f1c2f5ehttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/43df7c3e04fddac8971bad409ef48b77.jpghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/7b44c71dba313bf1e5de459dfb49c0da.jpg7b44c71dba313bf1e5de459dfb49c0dahttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/5c45a4dc9ef15618b947e94abaa99c4e.jpg5c45a4dc9ef15618b947e94abaa99c4eAngkor Wat. The massive wat (temple) at the heart of the Angkor complex.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/4c20faddca46d65cc9134707f50b9070.jpgGuardians at the gate of Angkor Thom.Guardians at the gate of Angkor Thom.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/3ca28ae75fe12c3d4e109bdfeca7dbe9.jpg3ca28ae75fe12c3d4e109bdfeca7dbe9https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/01b95e7d5628975d7c1977c42027d9df.jpgBas relief in Bayon Temple.Bas relief in Bayon Temple.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/0fce74ecd1eac466649de08fb2f24a6f.jpgKhmer women in traditional apsara dress.Khmer women in traditional apsara dress.2018-07-13T13:01:08+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/12/08/united-arab-emirates-case-study-how-would-you-diversify-your-single-resource-economy/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/img_3445.jpgimg_3445Buildings are closely spaced to create cooling shade and a walkable environment. Building facades are often made from highly reflective surfaces that deflect the heat of the desert sun.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/img_3431.jpgimg_3431Masdar City in Abu Dhabi, the United Arab Emirates, is a planned community purpose-built to test innovative principles of sustainable technology and design.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/img_3461.jpgimg_3461This large tower draws cool breeze from a high elevation down into a public park.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/img_3456.jpgimg_3456This is the interior of the wind tunnel, which also adds a fine mist to the breeze, further cooling it.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/img_3451.jpgimg_3451https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/img_3446.jpgimg_3446These balconies are designed to maximize airflow, shade, and privacy in one sustainable design.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/img_3096.jpgimg_3096The Burj Khalifa in Dubai (left) is emblematic of the modern United Arab Emirates - fantastic and futuristic, diverse and ultra-modern, all fueled by the deliberate reinvestment of petroleum profit. https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/img_3381-pano.jpgimg_3381-panoAs last as the 1960s, the Emirates were largely undeveloped desert, peopled by mostly nomadic peoples. There was little fresh water and no electricity, let alone roads or other infrastructure.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/img_3341.jpgimg_3341The Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque in Abu Dhabi is one of the world's largest mosques. The nation's prosperity is on display even in its expressions of its Muslim faith - the mosque features the world's 3rd largest chandelier, made of Swarovski crystals, and the whole thing cost half a billion dollars.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/img_3251.jpgimg_3251In an effort to diversify its economy, the Emirates are working to become, among other things, a major tourist destination. Tourism accounted for 16% of the GDP in 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pin on the far right includes the colors of Bulgaria (on the left half), and the symbol for communism placed on top of a red background (the symbolic color of communism). The pin on the bottom depicts Lenin, the founder of the Soviet Union, set again in the traditional red of communism. The final pin on the far left is from the Soviet Union, to which it was also important to demonstrate loyalty during the era of the Eastern Bloc. It says “April 12, Day of Cosmonautics,” celebrating the day Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man to fly in space. This important world first was a point of pride in demonstrating communism's superiority over capitalist nations, like the United States.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/superman1.jpgsupermanhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/image9.jpgimage9A statue of Lenin in Havana, Cuba.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/image12.jpgimage12A statue of Lenin in Sofia, Bulgaria.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/image19.jpgimage19A communist influenced monument in Bulgaria.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/image13.jpgimage13A communist influenced monument in Vietnam.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/superman.jpgsupermanhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/image6-e1515023581254.jpgimage62018-02-12T13:08:13+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/01/04/the-dangers-of-the-brain-drain/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/braindrain.jpgbraindrainhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/image2.jpgimage22018-01-28T18:47:39+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/01/06/bulgaria-national-identity-in-a-globalized-world/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/bulgaria-header.jpgbulgaria - header2018-01-20T16:29:54+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/01/23/the-youth-are-the-conscience-of-the-nation/2018-01-11T16:57:12+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/01/18/awards-for-the-dubai-mall-lesson-at-openendedsocialstudies-org/2018-01-11T16:23:39+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/01/16/charles-c-mann-on-the-european-conquest-of-the-americas/2018-01-11T13:28:13+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/01/07/content-development-services/2018-01-08T01:41:28+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2018/01/09/the-eastern-orthodox-faith/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/image5.jpgimage5https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/church-mosque-temple.jpgchurch mosque templehttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/dormition.jpgdormitionThe Dormition of the Mother of God Cathedral shown below in Varna, Bulgaria has six very noticeable cupolas. The orientation of the church even matches with the layout requirement of the design for Eastern Orthodox Churches, running East to West, with the entrance facing the West.2018-01-06T16:17:45+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/12/19/you-and-your-family-are-history-too/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/img_3938.jpgIMG_3938https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/0214151152_0001-e1513692467772.jpg0214151152_00012017-12-21T11:43:49+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2015/09/16/nicaragua-and-national-identity/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/nicaragua.jpgnicaraguahttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/img_5700.jpgIMG_57002017-12-18T19:19:55+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2015/10/28/cambodia-in-splendor-and-ruin/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/cambodia.jpgcambodiahttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/khmerrouge.jpgkhmerrougehttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/khmerempire.jpgkhmerempirehttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/img_1343.jpgIMG_1343https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/img_1346.jpgIMG_1346https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/img_0857.jpgIMG_08572017-12-18T19:18:44+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/12/27/great-reading-on-the-maya/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/img_7501.jpgIMG_75012017-12-18T00:42:35+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/12/20/ideas-for-teaching-about-the-ancient-maya/2017-12-18T00:42:05+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/12/18/free-lesson-plans-understanding-the-refugee-experience/2017-12-18T00:41:15+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/12/17/take-a-guided-tour-of-maya-mexico-2017/2018-07-31T02:14:37+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/12/14/unedited-thoughts-on-our-culture-of-violence-on-the-anniversary-of-sandy-hook-but-sadly-evergreen/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/dscf6524.jpgdscf65242017-12-15T18:53:25+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/12/13/what-is-openendedsocialstudies-org/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/youtubetitle-card.jpgYouTubeTitle Card2017-12-14T01:48:00+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/12/11/documentary-short-the-maya-collapse-at-ek-balam/2017-12-12T11:22:56+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/12/04/uxmal-thrice-built-city-of-the-maya/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/uxmal-thumbnail.jpguxmal thumbnail2017-12-10T14:01:44+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/07/03/july-2-2016-the-path-of-the-conquistador/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/wp-image-324396331jpeg.jpegwp-image-324396331jpeg.jpeghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/peru_lima_2.jpgperu_lima_2https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/image1.jpegimagehttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/image.jpegimage2017-12-10T02:21:04+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/06/29/855/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/img_20160629_1426331.jpgMalaria medication, iodine, and toothpaste.Malaria medication, iodine, and toothpaste.2017-12-10T02:21:04+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/07/04/july-3-2016-lima-history-class-and-style/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/wp-1467599078084.jpegwp-1467599078084.jpeghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/wp-1467598525234.jpegwp-1467598525234.jpeghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/wp-1467597554183.jpeghttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/wp-image-1043235721jpeg.jpegwp-image-1043235721jpeg.jpeg2017-12-10T02:21:04+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/07/12/july-11-2016-live-from-deep-in-the-amazon/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_20160711_190605.jpgIMG_20160711_190605https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_20160711_174842.jpgIMG_20160711_174842https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_20160711_190555.jpgIMG_20160711_190555https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_20160712_055923.jpgIMG_20160712_0559232017-12-10T02:21:03+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/07/17/july-16-17-2016-at-home-with-faustina/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_20160716_164531.jpgIMG_20160716_164531https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_20160716_154542.jpgIMG_20160716_154542https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_20160716_090200.jpgIMG_20160716_090200https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_20160716_090237.jpgIMG_20160716_090237https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_20160716_090222.jpgIMG_20160716_090222https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_20160717_095631.jpgIMG_20160717_095631https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_20160715_135354.jpgIMG_20160715_1353542017-12-10T02:21:03+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/07/15/july-15-2016-the-lake-at-the-top-of-the-world/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_20160715_134747.jpgIMG_20160715_134747https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_20160715_123358.jpgIMG_20160715_123358https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_20160715_130809.jpgIMG_20160715_130809https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_20160715_113540.jpgIMG_20160715_113540https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_20160715_113451.jpgIMG_20160715_113451https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_20160715_113637.jpgIMG_20160715_113637https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_20160715_114138.jpgIMG_20160715_114138https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_20160715_134644.jpgIMG_20160715_134644https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_20160715_070755.jpgIMG_20160715_0707552017-12-10T02:21:03+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/07/06/july-5-2016-saqsaywaman-sicky-woman-and-destroying-religions-you-dont-understand/2017-12-10T02:21:03+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/07/11/july-6-10-2016-the-long-hard-road-to-machu-picchu/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_0010.jpgIMG_0010https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_0008.jpgIMG_0008https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_0011.jpgIMG_0011https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_0013.jpgIMG_0013https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_0018.jpgIMG_0018https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_0017.jpgIMG_0017https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_0016.jpgIMG_0016https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_0020.jpgIMG_0020https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_0015.jpgIMG_0015https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_0022.jpgIMG_00222017-12-10T02:21:03+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/07/11/july-10-2016-they-built-up-with-their-two-hands/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_0001.jpgIMG_0001https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_0002.jpgIMG_0002https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_0005.jpgIMG_0005https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_0009.jpgIMG_00092017-12-10T02:21:03+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/07/15/july-12-14-2016-life-on-the-river/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_20160712_1808402.jpgIMG_20160712_180840~2https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_20160712_144722.jpgIMG_20160712_144722https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/img_20160712_125635.jpgIMG_20160712_125635https://openendedsocialstudies.or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embargo contributes to the large number of U.S. cars dating from the 1940s and 1950s, with model years ending abruptly around the time of the Cuban Revolution.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/img_5516.jpgIMG_5516The fact is that Cuba's poverty in the early 21st century is the result of multiple factors, from the collapse of Soviet-era trading partners to a lack of diversified exports. 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- statelesshttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/button-stateless.jpgbutton - stateless2017-12-09T21:03:19+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/11/15/the-psychology-of-a-refugee-crisis/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/img_3318.jpgIMG_3318https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/img_2741.jpgIMG_2741https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/image015.jpgimage015https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/image017.jpgimage017https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/image019.jpgimage019https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/image007.jpgimage007https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/image009.jpgimage009https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/image011.jpgimage011Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/image013.jpgimage013https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/image003.jpgimage0032017-11-15T02:52:57+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/11/14/refugees-and-human-rights-in-bulgaria/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/header.pngheaderhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/bulgaria.jpgbulgariahttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/14-e1510502177598.jpg14https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/11.jpg11https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/12.jpg12https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/13.jpgThe two sides to the refugee crisis in Bulgaria: a rise in hate groups, such as the neo-Nazis above, as well as those who support refugees and want to remove the borders separating everyone.https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/6-e1510498313444.pngThe Gates of Harmanli Refugee Camp, Bulgaria.For the safety of the refugees, as well as any family members who may remain in dangerous parts of Syria, visitors to Harmanli are not allowed to take pictures inside the camp itself.   https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/7.gif7https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/8.png8https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/10.jpg102017-11-14T02:01:14+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/08/23/russia-a-proposed-online-textbook/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/russia-header.jpgrussia header2017-08-26T23:57:03+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2015/09/03/an-introduction-to-korean-history/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/korea.jpgkoreahttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/img_6579.jpgIMG_6579https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/img_64253.jpgIMG_6425https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/img_64252.jpgIMG_6425https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/img_64251.jpgIMG_64252017-08-10T01:58:49+00:00monthlyhttps://openendedsocialstudies.org/2017/08/08/the-yucatan-an-upcoming-open-ended-social-studies-expedition/https://openendedsocialstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/01-calakmul-maya-pyramid.jpg01-calakmul-maya-pyramidAerial view of Structure 11 (2 ) at Calakmul, is where the body of Jaguar Paw was found by archeologist Ramon Carrasco "Structure II, which occupies the extreme south of the Grand Plaza, is a foundation of monumental proportions with a surface area of more than 100 meters (331 ft) on each side.  The presence of pre-Classic ceramics in unsullied deposits at an open tunnel in this building shows that its fill corresponds to that of a substructure of the late pre-Classic era.  Its sequence of construction preserves at least three substructures and four architectural phases:  the first two, assoicated with ceramics in sealed contents; the second phase corresponds to the early Classic (250-600 A.D.) era."  Calakmul, the 'City of the Two Adjacent Pyramids', is the name given the site of one of the largest and most important cities of the lowlands of the ancient  Early hieroglyphic texts from stelae found in Structure 2 record the probable enthronement of a king of Calakmul in AD 411 and also records a non-royal site ruler in 514.[26] After this there is a gap in the hieroglyphic records that lasts over a century, although the Kaan dynasty experienced a major expansion of its power at this time. The lack of inscriptions recording the events of this period may be either due to the fact that the Kaan dynasty was located elsewhere during this time or perhaps that the monuments were later destroyed. CALAKMUL It is located in one of the largest ecological tropical forest reservations in México. With approximately 723 thousand hectares, it is situated in the region of Petén, Campeche, 30 kilometers away of the Mexico-Guatemala border. This region shares with the Guatemalan Petén not only similar characteristics of flora, fauna and orography, but also an architectural style characterized by buildings erected on large basal platforms, capped with vaulted precincts. 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